Service-oriented architecture (SOA) consists of modularizing an application into small, manageable modules that are independent, reusable, loosely coupled with clearly defined functions and standard interfaces/protocols.Traditional Monolithic, standalone enterprise applications have virtually no reusable components. If so, these components are just simple libraries that may or may not be independent in nature. This increases the possibility of implementing similar features across applications, thereby increasing development effort, code duplication, maintenance and being difficult to modify. Since these applications are monolithic in nature, it is difficult to scale them; for example, if a particular feature requires more processing power, other features that reside in the same application will suffer from the lack of available resources. SOA addresses these challenges by designing distinct business functions as clear, well-defined sets of services. , with well-defined interfaces that can operate independently. Services do not need to know about other services....