Table of contentsLiterature reviewMethodParticipantsMaterialsProceduresDiscussionReferencesNo matter what part of the world an individual resides in, sleep is something fundamental that every living being needs. However, people with depression are more prone to sleep loss and abnormal sleep/wake patterns, which can affect the trajectory of their depression, as well as the severity and frequency of depressive episodes. People suffering from depression are more vulnerable to the adverse consequences of even the slightest disruptions to their social rhythm; social rhythm is essentially the usual time and manner in which an individual begins and ends their day. Objective: To study the relationship between sleep loss and depression on a cross-cultural level. Method: Participants from different regions of the world with depression and participants without depression will report changes in mood, mental state and sleep based on the stability of their social rhythm, which will be measured using a metric of social rhythm (SRM) and average number of hours of sleep. will also be measured. The General Behavior Inventory (GBI) will be used to select participants. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) will be used to measure the severity of depression. Positive and negative events will be measured using the Life Events Scale (LES) and the Life Events Interview Rating Form (LIRF) will be used to assess the extent of effect or lack of effect of the disruption of the social rhythm on the social rhythm of the participants. Results: TBD…Implications: The results will provide more information on how this problem can be addressed, in addition to promoting better sleep hygiene and sleep disruption interventions.Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay Literature Review It's no surprise that sleep loss and disruption is a problem many people face. Many different factors contribute to disruptions in sleep and wake patterns. However, some people are more vulnerable to disruptions that interfere with their daily routine or social rhythm and experience more of these negative effects on their normal functioning. A disruption can consist of an event that prevents the individual from doing what is usually done at a certain time, thereby disrupting their entire day. According to the Social Rhythm Metric-Trait assessment, social rhythm includes the time and frequency an individual gets out of bed, the time they have breakfast/a drink, their first interaction with another person, etc. (Monk et al., 1990). ). An example of this could be someone who usually leaves their house for work at 8 a.m., but something happens that causes them to leave a few hours later than usual, which could have a detrimental effect on the rest of their days if it is a person suffering from depression. or depressive symptoms. In previous studies, researchers have found that people with bipolar spectrum disorder are more prone to sleep loss due to disruptions in their daily routine or social rhythm, which also predicts changes in their manic/hypomanic episodes (Alloy et al., 2012). ). Although much research has been done on the relationship between disruptions in social rhythm and patients with spectrum disordersbipolar disorder (BSD), few studies have been conducted on how social rhythm disturbances (SRD) affect sleep and depression globally. Depression is a mental health disorder just as common as BSD. Particularly in developing countries, depressive symptoms and depression are significantly more prevalent than in developed countries (Wang et al., 2017). This study aims to examine the relationship between disruptions in social rhythm, sleep loss and depression on a cross-cultural level by studying individuals from different parts of the world. Around the world, sleep habits vary from culture to culture. There are many different factors as to why this might be the case. One reason is that significant differences have been found in the frequency distribution of alleles of the clock gene, which regulates sleep rhythm and physiological processes, among populations around the world (Ciarleglio et al., 2008). This shows that cross-culturally the social rhythm will also be different, which could possibly play a role in sleep loss and depression. In a study examining the sleep habits of Chinese children, researchers found that total sleep duration was lower than that of Western children (Jiang et al., 2007). Jiang et al (2007) also found that sleep problems occurring in different regions are the result of behavioral and health problems. According to research carried out by Franzen and Buysse (2008), there is a strong link between insomnia and depression; insomnia is often associated with the development and course of depression, as well as the severity and duration of depressive episodes. Insomnia and depression often go hand in hand. Researchers also discuss that sleep disturbances and insomnia are linked in a bidirectional manner, in which people with circadian rhythm disorders such as sleep phase syndrome had or have a current history of depression (Franzen and Buysse, 2008). A person's social rhythm or circadian rhythm clearly has an impact on their sleep/wake cycle, particularly for someone diagnosed with depression. In a study using results from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB), which is a genomic data bank consisting of questionnaires, physical data and blood samples. Collected from half a million Chinese participants from ten regions in China, researchers found that there is a strong association between abnormal sleep disturbances, duration, and depression (Sun et al., 2018). Short and long sleep duration were linked to depression. This shows that even cross-culturally there is a significant association with depression and an imbalance in normal sleep patterns and circadian rhythm. Sun et al. (2018) also note that longer sleep duration combined with sleep disturbances results in the greatest risk of depression, indicating that there is a relationship between disruptions in sleep and wake patterns and depression . Results from other research indicate that people with major depressive disorder experience more sleep loss and are more sensitive to the negative effects of changes in daily routines than healthy participants; researchers note that longitudinal research in the near future is needed to clarify the temporal relationship between these different variables (Haynes, McQuaid, Ancoli-Israel, & Martin, 2006). Disruption of social rhythm may not affect people who have not been diagnosed with depression and they will recovereasily, but people suffering from depression will suffer more. Researchers also found that even at least one disruption in daily routines among depressed individuals increased wake time and decreased sleep time compared to individuals who are not depressed (Haynes, McQuaid, Ancoli-Israel, & Martin, 2006). This shows how important maintaining social rhythm is and that a disruption in social rhythm affects sleep in a depressed person, even if it is a minor change in their daily routine. Many studies have shown the harmful effects of sleep loss, sleep disturbances and disruptions in social rhythm. (SRD) on the trajectory and severity of mental health disorders, such as bipolar spectrum disorder (BDS), but few studies have examined how this affects people diagnosed with depression or who experience depressive symptoms, which are equally ubiquitous. health disorder, at an intercultural level. Due to various factors, including but not limited to genetic factors, people around the world have different sleeping and waking patterns, so disruptions to social rhythms would also affect them differently. This study aims to investigate the relationship between disruptions in social rhythm, sleep loss, and sleep disturbances in people with depression from a global perspective. Method Participants Participants in this study will be recruited through online publications and flyers posted on various bulletins in different cafes and cafes. The message will say “Participants Required for Sleep and Social Rhythm Study.” The sample will consist of 50 individuals in total, aged 18 to 40 years old. The sample will consist of people from and outside the United States. Half of the group will be made up of people who have already been diagnosed with depression by their psychiatrist and/or their treating doctor. The other half will be the control group; they consist of healthy participants who have no previous or family history of depression. Exclusion criteria will include individuals with a history of substance abuse. This study will use purposive sampling; people with and without a history of depression will be part of the study.MaterialsThe General Behavior Inventory (GBI) (Depue & Klein, 1988; Depue, Krauss, Spoont, & Arbisi, 1989; Depue et al., 1981). The GBI will be used to select participants. This is a 73-item self-report inventory that measures the presence of clinical symptoms of depression and manic mood disorders on a four-point scale. A sample item is: “Have there been periods of several days or more when you lost almost all interest in those close to you and spent long periods alone?” » with a rating on a 4-point Likert-type scale (0 = never or almost never; 3 = very often/almost constantly) to report how often they experienced a behavior in the past year. A social rhythm metric (SRM) (Monk et al., 1990). This instrument will be used to measure social rhythm, i.e. the time and frequency an individual gets up, the time they have breakfast/a drink, their first interaction with a another person, etc. (Monk et al., 1990). An example item is time spent “out of bed.” The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) (Beck, AT, Steer, RA and Brown, GK, 1996). This will be used to measure the severity of depression. An example item is “Sadness,” with 0 indicating not feeling sad, 1 indicating feeling sad most of the time, 2 indicating feeling sad all of the time.and 3 indicating feeling so sad or unhappy that it is unbearable.” Life Events Scale (LES) (Holmes, TH & Rahe, RH, 1967). This will be used to measure positive and negative events. A score of 300+ indicates that an individual is at risk of disease, a score of 150 to 299+ indicates that the risk of disease is moderate (reduced by 30% from the risk above), and a score of 150- indicates only a slight risk of disease. An example item is “Death of a close family member” with a mean score of 100. Life Events Interview Rating Form (LIRF) (Alloy et al., 2006). This instrument will be used to assess the extent of effect or lack of effect of social rhythm disruption on participants' social rhythm. Procedures Participants will be recruited through flyers posted in various cafes and cafes, as well as online posts on different social media platforms. . They will be randomly selected and matched based on age, gender and ethnicity. No specific age, gender or ethnicity is preferred. Each participant will receive a consent form and assessments to complete. Individuals will be asked to complete self-assessments based on the group they belong to. The participant's emotional state and depression trajectory will be measured using a lifetime psychiatric diagnostic interview. They will be asked to report their sleep/wake patterns and keep a sleep diary. Participants will be asked not to make any changes to their current activities and diet. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) will be used to measure the severity of depression. Disruptions in social rhythm will be assessed using the Life Events Interview Rating Form (LIRF; Alloy et al., 2006). Participants will be asked to report any disruption to the social rhythm and its effects. The Life Events Scale (LES) includes 193 items of positive and negative events; it will be used to evaluate the events reported by the participants. The study will be conducted over a six-week period to ensure the accuracy of the results. A follow-up assessment that will consist of completing all three measures will be scheduled every two weeks to note changes in mood and the trajectory of depression and depressive episodes accordingly. changes in social rhythm, disruptions in social rhythm and average number of hours of sleep. For the control group, a follow-up assessment should examine changes in mood, emotional state in response to reported differences in social rhythm, disruptions in social rhythm, and total hours of sleep on average. These changes will be compared between the two groups to analyze the differences between sleep habits, emotional state and the evolution of depression and depressive episode for the group composed of participants diagnosed with depression. DiscussionIt is predicted that individuals, whether from Western or non-Western countries, who are diagnosed with depression are more likely to suffer from sleep loss and sleep disturbances than healthy individuals. In Chinese participants from ten different regions of China, researchers found that there is a strong link between irregular sleep patterns and depression (Sun et al., 2018) and through the use of longitudinal studies on of participants living in Detroit and other metropolitan areas (Breslau, Roth, Rosenthal, & Andreski, 1996), Franze and Buysse (2008) concluded that the large population of people with depression experience sleep problems, which may suggest a-2017-017173