Being African American in the age of prejudice was anything but easy. Although slavery was outlawed, Jim Crow laws were used to keep African Americans "second class" and far short of an equality of life that included housing, employment, public facilities, as well as restaurants and many other freedoms protected by the United States Constitution. . Many people such as WEB Dubois and Marcus Garvey, although their ideas conflicted between integration and separatism, they both supported that African Americans should uplift each other and unify the black community, a term invented by the Pan-Africanist movement, while supporting the preservation of the heritage of black culture. Black people who could scrape together enough money financially left the South in what was called the Great Migration and began to invade the Northern states in order to escape the hate groups and constant violence that was occurring in the South. Although the laws of the North were not as harsh as those of the Southern states, the prejudices were just as malicious. Despite prejudice, African Americans who migrated to Northern cities found a wealth of jobs that did not leave them perpetually in debt and allowed them to set their own spending priorities. Northern industrial jobs, such as oil refining and automobile manufacturing, sought their labor while in other Western cities, mining and livestock handling relied on African Americans for their efforts in the fields. Harlem became an important entity in this Great Migration. “It took the environment of the new American city to bring together some of the greatest minds of the time.” The "New Negro" movement was in full effect after its publication......in the middle of the newspaper... ...proudly integrated into society. Although it was hard enough being black back then, being a black woman was even harder, but Billie Holiday proved herself to be a worthy soul in her efforts to open the public's eyes to her past difficult and to give a sense of hope to African Americans. -Werner, Emma J. and Gary B. Nash. "The Harlem Renaissance and the 'New Negro'" The Struggle for Freedom: A History of African Americans. By Clayborne Carson. 2nd ed. Flight. 2. NP: Pearson, 2011. 368+. Print. -since 1865. “The Harlem Renaissance.” Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, nd Web. April 28, 2014. United States History Online Handbook Hentoff, Nat. "Jazz Chronicles: Duke Ellington's Mission - By Nat Hentoff - Jazz Articles." Jazz Chronicles: Duke Ellington's Mission - By Nat Hentoff - Jazz Articles. JazzTimes, Inc., May 1999. Web. April 27. 2014.