There are two conditions that a statement must meet to be valid. The first is that all premises must be true and, second, the conclusion of the statement must be false. A contradictory statement is false in all its connotations, which makes it logically false. Within the truth table, there are contradictions. For V&~V, the conclusions are false in every statement. The opposite of a contradiction is a tautology. A tautology is when every interpretation is true. In the example of C → C, the first condition is not met because there are four cases where both premises are false but the conclusion is