Table of contentsTypes of metaphorOrientational metaphorOntological metaphorInteraction theory of metaphorConceptual metaphor theory (CMT)Previous researchThe word "metaphor" is originally a Greek work. This word could be literally translated as "transport", where we can transport certain characteristics from one thing to another. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay The metaphor first attracted the attention of the famous philosopher Aristotle. In the 4th century, in his work known as “Poetry,” Aristotle defined metaphor as: giving a name to one thing belongs to another thing. IA Richard in his work known as “Philosophy of Rhetoric” defined metaphor as a comparison between two things. IA Richard assumed that metaphor had two terms: tenor and vehicle, and the relationship between them called ground. The tenor is the subject to whom the attribute is described. The vehicle is the object whose attribute is borrowed. Furthermore, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) in their well-known work “Metaphors We Live By” defined metaphor as: “understanding and experiencing one type of thing in relation to another”. Johnson in (1980) by publishing their book 'Metaphors We Live By', they had laid the first basis for the turn of metaphor from a figurative tool used only and especially in poetry by poets and as a vehicle to become an everyday phenomenon used to communicate. and interact between people. In addition to their distinctive view of metaphor, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) divided metaphor into three types: structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and ontological metaphor. Types of Metaphor Structural metaphor is the most well-known type of metaphor used in everyday life. communication. It’s about “understanding and experiencing one type of thing in relation to another.” An example of this metaphor is (time is money) where we can realize that time is understood as money which is important and valuable in daily life. Orientational Metaphor Lakoff and Johnson describe this type of metaphor as organizing concepts in relation to each other. These metaphors are mainly spatial orientation concepts like (up – down, in – out…) as in saying that (happy is standing) Ontological metaphor This type of metaphor concerns physical objects, where someone and based on the act of having an experience given something a physical identity as in (wait for your dreams). Furthermore, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) formulated a theory that is still dominant today. This theory is known as conceptual metaphor theory. According to this theory, metaphor is a cognitive instrument used in daily conversations by the indigenous community to describe life. In adopting this theory, Johnson and Lakoff made a great reassessment of metaphor and its understanding. They took the first step in the cognitive view of metaphor. Interaction Theory of Metaphor Interaction theory was the basis for the transition from the traditional view of metaphor to the cognitive view. I. Richard, in the 1930s, took the first step in this transition by introducing his theory known as "interaction theory." According to this theory, metaphors are the interaction between two different things supported by a word or phrase. Furthermore, according to I. Richard, metaphors have two terms: content and vehicle and the relationship between them called foundation. The tenor is the subject to which the attribute isdescribe. And the vehicle is the object whose attributes are borrowed. For I. Richard There are two types of metaphors: sensory metaphors and emotional metaphors. In sensual metaphors, the transition is due to the similarity between the original object and the new one. In contrast, in emotional metaphors, the transition was accentuated due to the similarities between the feelings of the new situation and the normal situation. Later, Black Max (1979) developed this theory. According to him, we do not need to know the similarities between the two things (tenor) and (vehicle) to understand the meaning and the similarities could be created by the interaction between the two terms. Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) Conceptual metaphor theory is a theory presented by Lakoff and Johnson in their book “Metaphors We Live By” published in (1980). This theory assumed that: metaphor is a cognitive instrument used to express and describe everyday actions. Furthermore, Lakoff and Johnson asserted that metaphor is a place in the mind and as in language. According to Lakoff and Johnson: "...metaphor is generally considered a feature of language alone, a matter of words rather than thought or action...we have found that, on the contrary, this metaphor is ubiquitous in everyday life, not only in language but in thought and action…” (1980). During their work on this theory, Lakoff and Johnson observed that people tend to use a realistic concept to describe an abstract idea. English speakers commonly use diary to describe life as in (life describes an abstract concept (life). Previous Search Somme. R and Barbas A. Sommer (2011): “Zoomorphy: Animal Metaphors for Human Personality.” In This study, speakers use animal nouns as metaphors to describe a person's personality and behaviors. This study mainly looked at the two metaphors (X is a tiger; Y is a fox) and presented similarities. in (X eats like a horse; Y is strong like an ox). 36 names of mammals to study participants who were students Using 70% of the criterion, 5 species names of these mammals are used positively to describe. people such as lions, tigers, etc. There are 11 species that have been used negatively to describe people such as pig, rat, donkey, etc. This study used the metaphor based on the. color to explore the metaphorical uses of some common colors such as (black, white, yellow, red, green and blue). This study divided colors into three types (euphemistic, dysphemic, and orthophemic). This study looked at how Jordanian speakers use color terms as metaphors, but it also mentioned other uses of these colors in general. This study used observations and interviews as data collection instruments. The results of this study revealed that: The color black in Arabic can be used euphemistically, dysphmistically or orthophemistically. Dysphemistically it could mean mischievous and for perverse issues. Jordanian speakers said (aswad Al-galb) instead of (black heart). This metaphor is commonly used to describe a person who has a heart full of hatred or jealousy. White color signifies purity, harmless and no harm problems. Jordanians say (abyad ulgalb), which means (white heart). These metaphors are used to describe an honest and good-natured person. The colors yellow and red are associated with negative connotations. Yellow is more associated with illness. The color red is associated with dangers and,.