Epidemiological training extends to the postgraduate professional life of a young professional in the form of multi-year scholarships. These fellowships provide preliminary work experience (under the guidance of experienced mentors) and provide the final bridge between a largely academic and practical world. Unlike other healthcare careers, epidemiology does not require certification. However, for those interested in furthering their education and improving their employment chances, two boards offer certification exams: the Certification Board for Infection Control and Epidemiology (CBIC) and the Association of Disease Control Professionals. infections and epidemiology (APIC). ). Some epidemiologists, such as those in clinical and academic positions, may also receive certification and licensing from organizations like the American Medical Association (AMA) (publichealth.org