Keri CaylorConference Case Study #1 – Hypercalcemia1. Hypercalcemia- having too much calcium in the blood. Symptoms include: constipation, nausea, pain, lack of appetite, vomiting, depression and irritability (Cooper). Polyuria - more than normal urination with large amounts of urine each time, urinating more than 3 liters of urine per day (Polyuria - Frequent urination) Nocturia - waking up in the middle of the night to urinate (Blake). Carcinoma - cancer that starts in the epithelial tissues and spreads to a part of the body or spreads to someone where. Some examples are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma (carcinoma types: basal cell, squamous cell, and adenocarcinoma).2. The extracellular matrix of bone is composed of two parts, osteoid and hydroxyapatite. Osteoid is the organic component of bone matrix composed of collagen with proteoglycans and glycoproteins. Hydroxyapatite is the inorganic component of bone matrix and is composed of calcium phosphate salts and minerals (Repka, 2013, p. 92).3. Blood plasma is the source of minerals in the extracellular matrix of bones (Repka, 2013, p. 92).4. The mineral component of bone gives bone its compressive strength (Repka, 2013, p. 92)5. An osteoclast is a cell that digests bone, it breaks down and demineralizes the bone so that new bone can form (Repka, 2013, p. 92)6. When serum calcium levels in the body become low, parathyroid hormone, or PTH, is released and can have one of three effects. It can increase the amount and activity of osteoclasts, which break down inorganic matrix, thereby increasing serum calcium. It can also increase the production of vitamin D, necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestines. End...... middle of paper ......al Library of Medicine. Accessed March 11, 2014, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000365.htm17. Freitas, B. (n.d.). Imaging in primary hyperparathyroidism. Imaging in primary hyperparathyroidism. Accessed March 12, 2014 from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/390728-overview18. Kenny, T. (n.d.). Patient.co.uk – Trusted medical information and support. Patient.co.uk. Accessed March 12, 2014 from http://www.patient.co.uk/health/bisphosphonates19. Polyuria – Frequent urination. (nd). Symptoms and causes. Accessed March 12, 2014 from http://www.diabetes.co.uk/symptoms/polyuria.html20. Repka, A. (2013). Human anatomy and physiology course materials. Howard County: Howard CC.21. Types of carcinoma: basal cell, squamous cell and adenocarcinoma. (nd). WebMD. Accessed March 12, 2014 from http://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-is-carcinoma