An atom. From the smallest to the largest, each atom (excluding rare gases) shares the same desire: to be able to possess a complete octet, that is to say a valence shell filled with eight electrons! For what? Just like you are unstable in life when something is missing, atoms are unstable because they are missing the electrons needed for a byte. However, these atoms are intelligent and find a way to get what they want. What they do is what we today call chemical bonding! The number of valence electrons determines how unstable an atom is, which determines its electronegativity. Looking at the periodic table (PTofE), you can see that in the upper right corner are the highest electronegativities, with a maximum at fluorine. However, in the lower left corner you can see that this is where the lowest electronegativities are found, reaching the limit at Francium. The electronegativity of each atom determines the types of bonds it forms when paired with another atom. The different types of bonds that can be created are: metallic bonds, ionic bonds, polar covalent bonds and non-polar bonds....