Table of ContentsProblem StatementResearch GapRationaleResearch ObjectiveResearch QuestionLimitationDefinition of Key Termsa. News headlinesb. Comparative analysisc. Textual analysis. Discursive DevicesLITERATURE REVIEWDiscourse AnalysisCritical Discourse AnalysisNorman Fairclough Model in CDText (description)Discursive practice (interpretation)Social practice (explanation)NewsE - JournalConclusionEvery nation has a common language that represents its culture, norms, identity and context. According to Chomsky (1957), “a (finite or infinite) set of sentences, each of finite length and constructed from a finite set of elements, a finite number of phonemes (or letters in its alphabet ) and each sentence is representable as a finite sequence of these phonemes. A study “Language can stimulate visual awareness of otherwise invisible objects” (Lupyan and Ward, 2013); confirm that language has the power to modify individuals’ perceptions. Our perception, knowledge and expectations can be shaped by the use of language. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essayNews is the report which includes all the current activities which are of general human interest. In Pakistan, people are curious about news in order to learn about the social and political activities of the world. Since independence, Pakistan has suffered from social, political and economic pressures, but media freedom remains constant and many political parties use the media to express their different views. The media plays an underlying role in transforming simple social events into news and often controls data according to their interests (Taiwoo, 2007). Media includes both print and electronic forms to disseminate information to the public. Media can be in print form, through newspapers, books, magazines, etc. Print media has contributed significantly to updating the masses. This is the main source of information. In recent years, news readers have shifted from traditional print publications, i.e. newspapers and magazines, to digital news due to technological advancements. According to Prior (2005), “increasing media choices are increasing among those seeking information.” The Internet provides inexpensive access to a wide range of sources and is cost effective. This inexpensive customization can enable the creation of highly specialized media that cater to niche tastes and create echo chambers of self-confirmed ideological jokes (Sunstein 2001). According to Norman Fairclough (1995), “CDA includes three dimensions: text analysis (description), discourse analysis (interpretation) and social analysis (explanation). Since then, English and Urdu news websites have many news addresses all over the world and people get the same news in different languages. After reviewing the literature, he finds that most of the time, Pakistani newspaper headlines have been analyzed by different CDA models; This research will analyze electronic newspaper headlines rather than newspaper headlines. A news headline is a summary of a news story that provides information for all those busy people who don't have time to find the full story; it normally appears in large fonts. “A headline describes news with a minimum of words, informs its readers precisely and quickly and arouses their interest”(Ungerer, 2000). The news headline increases and decreases the value of the news by using words and tones. Tiono (2003) says that “to capture the attention of readers, journalists create headlines worth reading to make readers curious to read all the news content”. Problem Statement According to Mcquail (2005), “the media provide their audiences with an offering of information, images, stories and impressions, sometimes based on anticipated needs, sometimes guided by their own objectives and sometimes following the motivations of other social institutions (e.g., advertising, propaganda, projecting favorable images, sending information). Media is responsible for spreading information among the masses. News includes information from local, regional and global aspects and the same news can be used to create unity, brotherhood, hatred, hegemony, involve power and cause discrimination. The media has the power to change people's perceptions. In Pakistan, research has been carried out on Urdu and English newspaper headlines, including: Textual and Rhetorical Analysis of Urdu and English Newspaper Headlines, Critical Discourse Analysis of Online News Portal Headlines, Study comparative Urdu and English newspaper headlines of Pakistan, critical discourse analysis of online news headlines. There are many studies conducted on newspaper headlines comparing similar events with different newspapers. This study evaluates the coverage of major electronic news titles displaying the same information in different languages. As in recent years, we see that the masses preferred to consult authentic information to keep them informed. As e-news is cost-effective, updated 24/7 and providing in-depth and general information, the culture of visiting e-news has grown in Pakistan. “Electronic news media outperform traditional print media in terms of attractive attributes. Studies suggest that the shift toward online news sources stems from the appeal of the Internet as an information medium” (Zulkafli, Omar & Hashim, 2014). As newspapers are limited to restricted borders (cities or countries), while electronic news is accessible to all countries in the world. Therefore, this study is an attempt to conduct a textual and discursive analysis of English and Urdu news headlines using Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional analysis. model. Since headlines help identify the nature of the information presented and are used to attract the audience. The study aims to highlight how linguistic features are used in headlines to create an impact on the masses. Second, this study compares the same news event in Pakistani Urdu and English e-newspapers. Finally, the English and Urdu newspapers are owned by the same publishers. Therefore, the study covers the same news titles, publishers and different genres of English and Urdu e-newspapers. Justification A series of studies has been carried out on newspaper headlines. Lodhi, Mukhtar, Akhtar, Nafees, Akhtar, and Sajid (2018) suggested replicating the analysis of conceptual and contextual features on electronic media. This study compares the headlines of Pakistani electronic newspapers in English and Urdu at the textual and discursive level. The aim of this study is therefore to understand how the same publishing house uses words from two languages ​​which create meanings, emotions orparticular representations of the same event. The study attempts to draw attention to the importance of language used in news headlines and also find out how an event can be sensitive to readers using linguistic devices. Additionally, this study creates awareness among the masses by identifying the difference in current affairs. and how the language used in news headlines is used to increase or decrease the value of any incident or event. Through the analysis of the same news headlines, this research will present the understanding of hidden meaning in seemingly simple texts to electronic newspaper readers and media analysts. Research ObjectiveThe study aims at the following two research objectives: To explore the textual difference between Headlines of Pakistani electronic newspapers in English and Urdu. To analyze the discursive devices used in the headlines of Pakistani electronic newspapers in English and Urdu. Research Question Based on the above study objectives, this research aims to answer the following research questions: What are the textual differences between Pakistani English and Urdu electronic newspaper headlines? What are the discursive devices used in the headlines of Pakistani electronic newspapers in English and Urdu? Limitation This study includes content from twenty (20) same news headlines, each published on the front page of Pakistan Electronic Journal in Urdu and English, from the period October to November 2019 (instead of the whole year) . This study adopted Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional model which consists of 3 levels, namely the textual, discursive and social levels, but the social level. was omitted because it analyzes the ideological element which is beyond the scope of this study. Therefore, this study will focus on one-month e-newspaper headlines and these headlines will be analyzed on two levels, namely social and discursive. Definition of key termsa. News Headlines “A newspaper headline is often the most important element of a page because it gives the reader an overall picture of the news. » (Mozūraitytė, 2015)b. Comparative analysis Przeworski and Teune (1970) limit "comparative analysis to analyzes in which a societal characteristic is found to have an effect on the variable or relationship of interest, for example when a characteristic of the national political system has affected some aspects of voting behavior. » c. Textual Analysis “Textual analysis is the method of communication used by researchers to describe and interpret the characteristics of a recorded or visual message. The aim of textual analysis is to describe the content, structure and functions of messages contained in texts. (Frey, L., Botan, C. and Kreps, G. 1999)d. Discursive devices “Discursive devices refer to the microlinguistic tools that people use in interaction in order to construct a particular version of the world and their relationship with it. To take an example, people who call a child protection hotline use particular language to present the situation they are reporting as worrying enough to warrant the call (one world version), but not of such seriousness that they are guilty of negligence. by not calling the police (a version of themselves). (Potter & Hepburn, 2003).LITERATURE REVIEWDiscourse AnalysisDiscourse originated from the Latin word “discursus” which means “conversation” (McArthur, 1996). Discourse is defined as “serious speech or writing on a particular subject” (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 2001, p. 388). Carter (1993) emphasizes that discourse refers to the topics or types oflanguage used in a particular context. Additionally, speech also refers to any common-appearing part of language. Speech generally falls into two categories: spoken and written. According to Van Dijk (cited in Lodhi et. al (2018), the term discourse can simply be understood as text and conversation. It is a form of language used in both spoken and written language, such as everyday conversations, newspapers, texts, etc. Discourse analysis is a broad terminology that is defined differently by many authors as the analysis of language “beyond the sentence.” According to Bavlas, Kenwood and Philips (2002, p.102) “Discourse analysis is the systematic study of natural (not hypothetical) communication in the broadest sense, at the level of meaning (rather than in meaning). as acts or physical characteristics).According to Richardson, there are two main perspectives to explain discourse analysis. Drid (2010) states: “The first paradigm explaining discourse analysis is a formal or structural paradigm”. 'AD is considered the exploration of language use by focusing on elements larger than sentences. The second paradigm explaining discourse analysis is here known as functionalist. the emphasis is placed on a specific function which is the language used. Brown and Yule (1983) suggest that discourse is necessarily the analysis of the language used. As such, it cannot be limited to the description of linguistic forms independently of the purposes or functions that these forms are supposed to fulfill in human affairs. (p.1) Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is “a new interdisciplinary discipline that includes the theory and analysis of text and discourse in virtually all disciplines of the humanities and social sciences” (Van Dijk, 1997). CDA views text as an entity that does not exist in isolation (Fairclough, 2010). Critical discourse analysis involves studying and analyzing written or spoken texts to reveal the existence of power, domination and inequality. (Hadayani, Heriyanto and Soemantri 2018, p.337). The main objective of CDA is to present such a framework which creates a link between text, discourse and society. A complete explanation of communication is suggested by such a framework when all these constituents are connected. Several frameworks have been introduced in the field of CDA. Norman Fairclough Model in CDAFairclough presented a model in 1989 and revised it in 1995. His three-dimensional framework is considered one of the important and detailed frameworks presented in the field of CDA. According to Fairclough, every interaction consists of three dimensions, namely text (description), discursive practice (interpretation) and social practice (explanation). Text (description) The first element in this framework is the text or description step. The description includes linguistic analysis. Fairclough (1995) also states that "linguistic analysis includes the analysis of grammar, vocabulary, sound system, semantics, and the organization of tone and cohesion above the level of sentence” (p. 57). According to Handayani et.al (2018), linguistic elements such as word choices (vocabulary), grammar (transitivity, passivation) and text layout (thematic choice, turn-taking system) should be systematically examined. The text at this level should be considered as an object. Discursive practice (interpretation) The second element of this framework is the discursive practice or interpretation stage. According to Handayani et.al (2018), “At the stage of interpretation, the relationship between the discourse and its production and consumption must be.