the State, she explains, has been much more than a simple setter of conditions and a setter of markets - it has been a "shaper of market” and a key risk taker due to its willingness to take risks in areas where the private sector has been too risk averse. She takes the iPhone as an example. She explains that GPS and the Internet, widely used in the iPhone, are the direct result of investments made by the US military's DARPA and NAVSTAR; multitouch, which TEDsters originally saw at TED2006 when Jeff Han took the stage, was designed with the help of grants from the CIA and the National Science Foundation. And public venture capital programs like the Small Business Innovation Research Initiative have helped finance companies like Apple, Compaq and Intel in their early stages of development. Its reports demonstrate that the world-leading private sector and innovation have been made possible by government. Without the role of government to take risks in these types of