The constructivist-interpretative paradigm asserts that reality is constructed through the interactions between a researcher and the research subject. According to Smith (2008), “scientific knowledge can be created through virtual experiments and conversations” (p. 102). Berger traveled directly to northern communities and spoke to many people about the Pipeline project. Indigenous people interviewed told Berger how the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline would affect them personally; this is an example of a micro level of analysis, which is the ontology of this paradigm. The investigation focuses on individual pipeline accounts rather than the entire community. Other paradigms, for example the critical paradigm, focus on how oppressed groups were affected by a specific event. Northerners face pressure to change their way of life and move toward a more colonized society (Berger, 1988, p. 166). Putting pressure on the peoples of the North will make them lose who they are, their traditions, their original economy, etc. According to Travers (2010), constructivist interpretative...