Osteomyelitis: Osteomyelitis is a common bone infection caused by bacteria or, in some cases, a fungus [1]. Osteomyelitis usually occurs through bacterial infection in several different ways, including via the bloodstream, from nearby infected areas, or due to unsterile joint replacements and internal fixations such as fractures [2]. In 90% of cases, S. aereus bacteria is the microbial responsible for osteomyelitis [3]. In cases of open fractures, osteomyelitis can interfere with normal bone healing and regeneration [4]. Symptoms of osteomyelitis include bone pain, fever, malaise, swelling, redness, chills, excessive sweating, and joint pain [5]. It is reported that in 20% of cases, the infection is hematogenous, or transmitted through blood [6]. The incidence of spinal osteomyelitis was 1/450,000 in 2001 [7]. The incidence of vertebral osteomyelitis is 24 cases per 1,000,000 and the incidence in children is approximately 1 case in 5,000 [8]. Approximately 10–15% of people with vertebral osteomyelitis develop spinal cord compression, and approximately 30% of patients with long bone osteomyelitis develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT) [9]. Mortality rates are generally low, except in cases of sepsis [10]. The overall incidence of osteomyelitis has been found to be higher in developing countries than in developed countries [11]. Current clinical standard of care: The current standard of care for osteomyelitis is gentamycin or vancomycin-impregnated polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) beads [12]. These beads are surgically implanted at the site of bacterial infection, and the antibiotic will diffuse from these beads [12]. Vancomycin and gentamycin inhibit bacterial growth...... middle of paper ......, the in vivo studies show that the effectiveness of the delivery system in terms of inhibiting bacterial growth is comparable to clinical standard of care, PMMA beads. Further studies would include determining the compressive strength of PUR scaffolds to decide where they could be placed in a load-bearing environment, systemic toxicity studies to ensure that neither vancomycin nor PUR is present at high toxic concentrations. in serum after implantation, and an extended study to show that the PUR scaffold is in fact biodegradable, thus bypassing the second surgical step required for PMMA beads. Li et al [21] also did not conduct any studies comparing PUR-LTI and PUR-HDIt scaffolds under the same experimental conditions. These studies would also be essential to determine which scaffold formulation should be continued in the long term...