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Essay / Computer Networks - 962
Computer networks like the Internet require network resources, i.e. bandwidth, buffer spaces, etc. in order to accommodate the packets arriving in the router buffers [25]. When arriving packets cannot be accommodated due to lack of network resources, it indicates congestion at the networks' router buffers [21]. Congestion can degrade the performance of a network [22, 25] by increasing the probability of packet loss due to overflow as well as the average waiting time of packets in the queuing network. Additionally, congestion can reduce throughput and increase the probability of dropping packets before router buffers overflow. Congestion can also generate an unmaintained average queue length ( ), which can lead to a buildup of the contents of the router buffers, and thus many arriving packets can be lost or lost in the router buffers. Many researchers have proposed methods to control congestion at the router level. network buffers [1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 14, 15, 16], i.e. AQM methods [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15 , 16]. Each AQM is proposed as a congestion control method that identifies congestion at router buffers at an early stage, i.e., before router buffers overflow. The most famous AQM method is RED [14], Gentle RED [16], Adaptive GRED [2], Adaptive RED [15], Random Early Marking (REM) [7], Dynamic Random Early Drop (DRED) [ 8] and some discrete-time analytical queuing models [1, 4, 5, 6] which were built based on some AQM techniques. For example, the DRED analytical models they built by analyzing two queue nodes [5] and three queue nodes [1] based on DRED and using a time-queuing mechanism discrete [26]. The GRED analytical model [4] and the BLUE analytical model [6] were built based on GRED and BLUE respectively and using a discrete-time queuing mechanism. As mentioned earlier, RED has been proposed as a congestion control method, but RED can degrade network performance. for the following reasons: 1) suddenly, RED may increase its arrival rate aggressively, thus the RED router's buffers may overflow. Therefore, every arriving packet will be lost. 2) At any given time, the value of the RED congestion metric ( ) may be less than the value of the minimum threshold position at the router buffer ( ). This indicates that no packets can be dropped. However, for a short period of time, the arrival rate increases and causes a router buffer overflow. Nevertheless, the value increases but remains lower than the value of .