Prejudice is a destructive social problem. Theories of prejudice distinguish between ancient and modern forms. The first is an open rejection of members of a minority group; the latter is subtle and secretive, with a veneer of out-group acceptance. Prejudice is commonly defined as an unfair negative attitude towards a social group or a person perceived to be a member of that group. Racism is related to concepts such as prejudice, but it is a more encompassing term. In White Racism, authors Feagin, Vera, and Batur explain: “Racism is more than a matter of individual prejudice and scattered episodes of discrimination” (p. ix); it involves a widely accepted racist philosophy, and it involves the power to deny other racial groups the dignity or opportunities available to one's own group through a socially organized set of ideas and attitudes. Prejudice Transformation The idea that prejudice in America has diminished seems idyllic. According to Whitley and Kite, prejudice persists in a more subtle form. They show this in a study on fake pipeline research. This is the theory that participants' responses change when they feel they will be caught lying. Participants may have been hooked to electrodes during the second round of questions and told that if their answer was wrong, the electrodes would detect it. The participant is more likely to give a more accurate response (Whitely and Kite p. 192). This is similar to the implicit research in Chapter 2 in that self-report assessment would indicate low bias, but participants would have psychological responses that indicate bias. An example of this would be emotional reactions when shown an image of the out-group. White Privileg...... middle of paper ...... judgment, but a similar percentage of whites generally show evidence of racial bias on implicit grounds. measures that are largely divorced from their explicit opinions. The report states: “Thus, a substantial proportion of whites in the United States can be characterized as exhibiting reactions toward blacks consistent with aversive racism. » (p. 2) Works Cited: (1) McIntosh, Peggy. White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack,(2) Jim Crow Racism, http://abagond.wordpress.com/2010/12/10/jim-crow-racism/, accessed November 3, 2013 Bibliography: Feagin, Joe R., Vera Hernan and Batur, Pinar, White Racism, Rutledge, New York, 2001 Whitley Jr., Bernard and Kite, Mary E., The Psychology of Hate, Wadsworth, California, 2010 Pearson, Adam R., Dovidio, John F. and Gaertner, Samuel L., The Nature of Contemporary Prejudice: Insights into Aversive Racism,