Instead of following a timeline of how culture changed, Boyden creates all of these characters who are exposed to European culture in different ways over the course of the same period and how it still is. capable of impacting various natives today. It attempts to explain how colonialism had a significant impact on indigenous spirituality and broke community bonds by forcing indigenous children to attend schools very different from those to which they were accustomed. In my opinion, I believe that by reviewing historical events taken from Niska and Xavier's time, Boyden is able to affirm many things that are still happening today. By addressing these concepts that can often be seen as very absurd to non-natives (Niska's convulsions, Xavier thanking the dead, Windigos), Boyden is able to question whether they are really as absurd as they are made out to be. think ? Although there have been various impacts of European standards, the family, community and cultural bond is what makes it so beautiful and the concept of absurdity within this Indian community may have a deeper spiritual meaning that is considered and praised in a positive way. although negative. Boyden shows that unique practices and beliefs are what made Niska and Xavier's concept so successful.