Table of contentsSummaryIntroductionMaterials and methodsPreparation of different concentrationsDiscussionPhytochemical analysisConclusionReferenceSummaryThis work was carried out for the study of the antibacterial activity of Musa acuminata peel extract in using ethanol, methanol and an aqueous solvent. extraction. We used the agar diffusion method for this study and we know the antibacterial activity of banana peel extract. Four concentrations are used for this study, namely 12.5 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why violent video games should not be banned”?Get the original essayEscherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enteritidis from this test, the microorganisms are used in this study to find out the antibacterial activity of Musa acuminata bark extract. To study the phytochemical analysis of ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of Musa acuminata peel extract, flavonoids, terpenoids, quinines and alkaloids are present in the ethanol, methanol and extracts aqueous. Thus, phytochemical screening is revealed. Thanks to the results, we know that banana peels exhibit antibacterial activity against these tested microorganisms. Banana peel extract has great importance for public health. Yellow banana peel has good antibacterial activity against Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria to replace synthetic medicine in these diseases caused by these bacteria. From the result we can know that Pseudomonas aeruginosa shows the maximum inhibition zone (31.7+-2.0) at the concentration of 100 mg/ml. Staphylococcus aureus presents the minimum zone of inhibition (25.0+-2.0) at a concentration of 100 mg/ml of ethanolic extract. At the lowest concentration (12.5 mg/ml), Bacillus subtilis shows the maximum inhibition zone (19.0+-2.0) and Staphylococcus aureus shows the minimum inhibition zone (15.5+- 2.0) in the ethanolic extract.Keywords: phytochemicals, antibacterial, Musa acuminata, banana peel.IntroductionMusa acuminata (banana) is the most important food crop. It is developed in different countries. Banana is grown in 122 countries. And it is available in our country. Banana peel extract contains many types of vitamins: vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin E and malic acid. The skin is mainly the waste part of different fruits. But banana peel has antibacterial activity. In the case of commercial applications, peelings could be due to their unknown benefit. The potential application of banana peel depends on its chemical composition. Fatty acids are present in banana peel and are responsible for the antibacterial activity of the peel extract. For this study, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterititis of this bacterial culture are used to know the antibacterial activity. Methanol, ethanol and aqueous solvents are used. Concentrations of 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml are carried out in an aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extract. Material and method Collection of plant material: Musa acuminata fruit was selected for this study, know the antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis. Musa acuminata fruit was collected from our garden next to our house in Kotalpara village. This specimen was identified in our microbiology department, Champadanga, Hooghly. After identifying this fruit, the peels are collected fromthe banana. Preparation of bark extract: Firstly, the collected barks are washed well with hot and cold water. Then it is air dried. The dried peels are ground in the blender. The mixture is collected in a closed jar for long storage. Preparation of the aqueous extract: 5 g of peeling powder are added to 25 ml of distilled water and make an aqueous solution. This solution is made in a conical flask. The conical flask is delimited by tissue paper and an elastic band. Then, pores are made on the surface of the tissue paper through which air passes. The solution is kept at room temperature at 37℃ for 24 hours. Preparation of the ethanolic extract: 5 g of peeling powder are added to 25 ml of ethanol and transformed into ethanolic extract. This extract is made in a conical flask. The conical flask is bound with tissue paper and a rubber band. Some pores are made for air passages. Then it is kept at room temperature of 37℃ for 24 hours. Collection of tested microorganisms: The tested microorganisms are Bacillus (MTCC-441), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-737), Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC-432), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC). -424), Escherichia coli (MTCC-443), Salmonella enterititis (MTCC -) are collected. These bacteria grow on Moller Hinton agar and the nutrients are aged. Preparations of different concentrations of 12.5 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml are used for this study. 1 g of skin mixture is measured and added into 10 ml of DMSO and obtained a concentration of 100 mg/ml. This is called a stock solution. For a concentration of 50 mg/ml, 1 ml of stock solution and 1 ml of DMSO are taken in an attached tube. 0.50 ml of stock solution is added into 1.50 ml of DMSO and prepared to a concentration of 25 mg/ml. For a concentration of 12.5 mg/ml, 0.25 ml of stock is added with 1.75 ml of DMSO. Each concentration is stored in a volume of 2 ml of annex tube. 6 plates of nutrient agar are prepared then inoculated with a bacterial culture. 3 plates are taken for 1 bacterial culture and another 3 plates are taken for another bacterial culture. Well, this is done in each agar plate with the borar. The concentrations of 100 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml are marked in two separate inoculated plates and given in the well of the particular tube. Two more inoculated plates are taken and then marked with a concentration of 50 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml and a given concentration in the well of the particular tube. Thus, four plates are inoculated and concentrated. DMSO is given in two other plates. The results obtained from this research work are summarized in the tables below. Table -1 Antibacterial activity of Musa acuminata in different bacteria for aqueous extract at different concentrations Concentration (mg/ml) 100 mg/ml 50 mg/ ml25 mg/ml12.5 mg/mlEscherichia Coli27.25±2.022.25±2.018.25 ±2.017.25±2.0Bacillus Subtilis28.5±3.027.25±2.021.25±2.018.5±3.0Staphylococcus aureusL36.1±3.027.4±3.023.7±2.020.0±2.0Klebsiella pneumoniae32.3± 2,028.2±3,023.0±2,019.5±2.0Pseudomonas aeruginosa34.5±2,031.7±2,026.0±2,021.2±3.0Salmonella enteritis29 .0 ± 2,026.2 ± 3,023.1 ± 2,019.4 ± 3.0 The antibacterial activity of Musa acuminata shows the highest inhibition zone against Pseudomonas aeruginous and the lowest inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activity of Musa acuminata shows the highest zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the lowest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus subtilis shows the maximum inhibition zone (33.5 ± 2.0) and Pseudomonusaeruginosa shows the minimum inhibition zone (17.5 ± 2.0).Table-2 Antibacterial activity(inhibition zones in cm) of musa acuminate peel extract against different bacteria for ethanolic extract in different concentrationsConcentration (mg/ml)100 mg/ml50 mg/ml25 mg/ml12.5 mg/mlEscherichia Coli31.6± 3,027.5±2,023.0±2,018.2±2.0Bacillus Subtilis33.5±2,030.1 ±2,026.4±2,021.7±2.0Staphylococcus aureus29.4±2,025.7±2,021.3±2,018.0± 2.0Klebsiella pneumoniae32.9±2,030.7±3,026.1±2,021.6±2.0Pseudomonas aeruginosa27.6 ±2,022.4±2,020.4±2,017.5±2.0Salmonella enteritis30.0±2,027.4± 3,024.5±2,018.7±3.0Table-3 The antibacterial activity (inhibition zones in cm) of musa acuminer peel extract against different bacteria for methanolic extract at different concentrationsConcentration (mg/ml)100 mg/ml50 mg/ml25 mg/ml12.5 mg/mlEscherichia Coli26.1±2.022.3±2.020.4±2.016.6±2.0Bacillus Subtilis29. 3 ± 2.026.7 ± 2.023.4 ± 3.019.0 ± 2.0 Staphylococcusaureus25.0±2.021.2±2.018.7±2.015.5±2.0Klebsiella pneumoniae29.4±2.025.0±2.021.5±2.016, 2±2.0Pseudomonas aeruginosa31.7±2.024.5±2.020.3±3.017. 0±2.0Salmonella enteritis28.5±2.025.9±3.021.4±2.018.7±3.0Pseudomonus aeruginosa shows the maximum inhibition zone (31.7 ±2.0) and Staphylococcus aureus shows the minimum zone d inhibition (15.5±2.0).DiscussionBanana is a cheap and easily available fruit which is consumed by different people across the world as it has high nutritional properties. Recently, it has been reported that these peels are not completely useless because they contain many bioactive plant components. Therefore, the project work was carried out to verify the antimicrobial effectiveness of banana peels against clinical isolates. Through phytochemical analysis of ethanol and aqueous extracts of banana peel, we know that flavonoids, terpenoids, quinines and alkaloids are present in both ethanol and water. solvents and tannins, saponins are absent in both solvents. Flavonoids are known to be antimicrobial substances effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It is synthesized by plants in response to microbial attacks. Their activity is probably due to their ability to react with extracellular and soluble proteins and to complex with bacterial cell walls leading to the death of the bacteria. Tannins have various physiological effects such as anti-irritant, antimicrobial and antiparasitic effects. Plants containing tannins are used to treat nonspecific diarrhea, inflammation of the mouth and throat, and mildly injured skin. From this research work, we discovered which bacteria have good antibacterial activity. We know that Staphylococcus aureus is a sensitive bacterial species and that its inhibition zones are 36.1+-3 in 100 mg/ml for an aqueous extract. Thus, Lt exhibits good antibacterial activity at the highest concentration for the aqueous extract. And at the lowest concentration (12.5 mg/ml), the inhibition zone is 20.0+-2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae are very sensitive in the aqueous extract. In the case of the ethanolic extract, Bacillus subtilis shows good antibacterial activity at the highest concentration. Thus, the zone inhibition range is 33.5+-2.0 at a concentration of 100 mg/ml. Klebsiella pneoniae and Escherichia coli are very sensitive in ethanolic extract and the inhibition zone range is 32.9+-2.0 and 31.6+-3.0 per 100 concentrations. In methanolic extract, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the inhibition zone range is 31.7+-2.0 in. 100 mg/ml. Thus, it exhibits good antibacterial activity. Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae are very sensitive to the methanolic extract. The inhibition zone is 29.3+-2.0 and 29.4+-2.0 in 100 mg/ml. Phytochemical analysis Bark extractof Musa acuminata was analyzed for alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, volatile oils and resins using standard procedures. Glycoside test: 1 ml of the extract was taken, then 2 ml of acetic acid was added then cooled in an ice bath to 4℃. 1 ml of sulfuric acid is added dropwise to this mixture. The formation of a layer of oil on top of the solution indicates the presence of glycosides. Alkaloid test: 1 ml of 1% HCL was added in 3 ml of extract. Then the mixture is treated with a few drops of Meyer's reagent. If creamy white precipitation appears like this, we can understand the presence of alkaloids. Saponin test: 5 drops of olive oil were added to 2 ml of plant extract and this mixture was shaken vigorously. A stable emulsion is formed which indicates the presence of saponins. Tannin test: 2 drops of 5% ferric chloride were added to 1 ml of plant extract. A dirty green precipitate appears, indicating the presence of tannins. Flavonoid test: To 1 ml of extract, 3 drops of ammonia solution are added followed by 0.5 ml of concentrated HCL. The appearance of a pale brown color in the mixture indicates the presence of flavonoids. Steroid test: 1 ml of concentrated tetraoxosulfate (vi) acid was added into 1 ml of the plant extract. Red coloring confirmed the presence of steroids. Testing the resins: 5 ml of the extract were added to 5 ml of copper acetate solution. The mixture was shaken vigorously and allowed to separate. Reddish brown precipitation appears and indicates the presence of resins.ConclusionIn the case of ethanolic and aqueous extract of banana peels, the antibacterial properties were found to be significantly high in this research work. The organism tested was highly resistant to antibiotics and was found to be sensitive in banana peel extract. Yellow banana peels have good antibacterial activity against gram (+) and gram (-) and are also known as "good antibacterial agent". We conclude that banana peel has good antibacterial activity in public health. Keep in mind: this is just a sample. Get a personalized article from our expert writers now. Get a Personalized Essay Musa acuminata, the wild species of banana, is a plant in tropical and subtropical regions. All parts of the plant, including fruits, barks, leaves and roots, are used in the treatment of many diseases in traditional medicine. The green pharmaceutical activities of Musa acuminata include antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer and antimicrobial activity, especially anti-HIV. Through the study of phytochemicals, we can know the traditional use of different parts of Musa acuminata in various diseases. drug-resistant bacterial isolates.” International Journal of Innovative Research in Life Sciences Vol.5, Issue 3, PP: (26-31), Month: May – June 2018. S. Chanda, Y. Baravalia, M. Kaneria and K. Rakholiy, “Fruit and vegetable peels, strong natural source of antimicrobials”.Journal of Agricultural and Food chemistry Vol.60.PP.121-126,2010. Indian Materia Medica, Vol-I, Bombay Popular Prakashan, second. edition, reprint 1995, 595. Mokbel Matook Saif and Hashinaga Fumio (2005) Antimicrobial activity of banana fruit peel (Musa, AAA cv. Cavendish), American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1(3): 125-. 13.Fagbemi Josephine Ferdinand, Ugoji Esther, Adenipekun Tayo and Adelowotan Omotoyin (2009) Banana (Musa sapientum L.), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus S.) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on pathogens, African Journal of.. 62-65, 2011.