Chronic kidney disease is a significant health problem for all Australians, but it is ten times more common among Aboriginal people. (Kidney Health Australia, 2014) The incidence of kidney disease is particularly high among Indigenous Australians living in rural and very isolated areas. (Kidney Health Australia, 2014) Their likelihood of dying from kidney disease is more than fifteen times that of non-Indigenous Australians. (Aboriginal Kidney Disease, 2013) People aged 40 to 60 in particular suffer from kidney problems and failure. This greater prevalence of the disease among Indigenous Australians is due to increased susceptibility to kidney damage, higher rates of diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking, inadequate diet, alcohol abuse, streptococcal infections of the throat and skin, obesity, poor living conditions and a low birth rate. weight linked to reduced nephron development. (Kidney Health Australia, 2014) The incidence of end-stage renal disease is particularly high among Indigenous Australians. They are 20 to 30 times more likely than non-Indigenous Australians to suffer end-stage kidney disease. (Kidney Disease in Indigenous Peoples, 2013) The kidneys remove waste from our blood. They play a role in controlling the body's water and chemical levels and produce essential hormones. (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013) Blood is filtered in the glomerulus, then water and waste are passed out as urine. (Edith Cowan University, 2001-2004) Kidney damage can occur due to hypertension, which causes the blood vessels in the kidneys to narrow and harden; infections circulating in the blood; long-term, uncontrolled diabetes and genetically inherited kidney problems. (Edith Cowan University, 2001-2004)An article...... middle of article ......e in improving health outcomes and managing chronic diseases such as kidney disease. The factors contributing to kidney disease among Indigenous people are complex. They reflect a combination of social, economic and biomedical risk factors. Risk factors for kidney disease in rural Indigenous Australians include repeated infections, high blood pressure, obesity, low birth weight, childhood malnutrition, poor diet, low activity levels, alcohol and tobacco consumption and diabetes. (Edith Cowan University, 2001-2004) These conditions are common among rural indigenous populations. The majority of these factors are modifiable in nature, and there is evidence that minimizing these risks can help reduce the prevention of kidney disease and associated mortality in Indigenous populations. (Edith Cowan University, 2001-2004)