Topic that has been directed, practiced, memorized and then mastered in a certain educational atmosphere such as classrooms or seminars. Rather, knowledge cannot be determined by a person's ability to relay stored information in a robotic and impersonal manner. Authentic knowledge is expressed when an individual has the ability to connect ideas, make sense of topics, carry on an interesting conversation, present a thorough and well-supported argument, and notice similarities and differences between ideas. Ergo, it doesn't matter what exactly the person is talking about, just how they present their ideas. Formal education can help with the articulation of ideas and the presentation of concepts. However, many people gain expertise through experience in certain trades or professions that they do, giving them vast knowledge on that subject. According to Gerald Graff, professor of English and education at the University of Illinois "...the basics of intellectual life [are]: how to present an argument, weigh different types of evidence, move from details to generalizations , summarize the views of others, and enter into a conversation about others” (Graff 959). That being said, assuming that a person's intellect is only measurable by their education is a misguided accusation. It is believed that,