Introduction:In the spring of 1891, dressed in their particular finery, Kurdish leaders proclaimed their loyalty to Sultan Abdülhamid II. Named after the Sultan, the indoctrination of the Kurdish tribal cavalry unit (Hamidiye) into the Ottoman fold sparked protests from foreign and domestic observers over the nature of the unit. Early critics of the Hamidiye questioned the discipline and sincerity of the militia. The Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments were an irregular militia composed of selected Kurdish tribesmen under the command of the Sultan's trusted brothers, Sakir Pasha and Zeki Pasha. Historically, Kurds have always been wary of the Ottomans' intentions, but those who volunteered quickly realized the benefits of being part of the militia. The advantages included possession of modern firearms, immunity from civil law, and the military rank accorded to their leaders, but the real advantage for the Kurds was the ability to advance their own goals. Objections from foreign and domestic observers concerned activities for which the militias later became linked to violence, land grabbing, and lawlessness. Klein asks, “Under what conditions does the state empower a group it prefers to repress, and does this undermine state authority in the region?” What are the factors that would allow the State to consider the formation of these undisciplined militias? » In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was subject to a constant external threat from the Russians in the East and a perceived internal threat from the Armenians. nationalist-revolutionaries working against the state. The Armenian threat was seen not only as a threat to the state, but also as a mere page of paper that the government had on its agenda. The Hamidiye will be renamed Tribal Light Cavalry Regiments, but apart from the name, nothing has really changed. Similar to the Sultan's visions, the "Young Turks" wanted to "Turkify" the Kurds within the Ottoman sphere. There were both supporters and opponents of this policy, mainly in the Kurdish kingdom. Those who ultimately supported this policy, mainly Kurdish peasants and Armenians, came to oppose it later and those who were in opposition, mainly benefactors of the former Hamidiye regiments, came to support the new policy. The new government has failed to modernize and provide better facilities, just like its predecessor. The power structure in the border regions has remained the same. Works Cited Klein, Janet. The margins of the empire: Kurdish militias in the Ottoman tribal zone. Stanford University, 2011. Print.