In 1939, the “Monster” study was conducted by Wendell Johnson in Iowa. Johnson and his research assistant attempted to induce stuttering in children and test whether positive or negative reinforcement would lead to change in children already with speech disorders. Johnson selected 22 orphaned children and divided them into a group of 10 and a group of 12. The group of 10 consisted of children who stuttered. Within this group were two subgroups, each composed of 5 children. One group was told their speech was good, while the other group was told their speech was "as bad as people say it is." In the group of 12 children, all spoke normally. 6 were told that their speech was normal and 6 were told that they needed to correct their speech as soon as possible because they were starting to stutter (this was not true). This horrific experiment continued as planned for months and the treatment each group received was continuous. The children reported that they stuttered and became quiet, withdrawn and embarrassed. This study violated ethical guidelines contained in both the Nuremberg Code and the Belmont Report. According to both documents, harms should be minimized while benefits should be maximized. Attempting to induce stuttering in children was an unnecessary risk that, if successful, would have caused a plethora of lifelong problems. The children were also unaware of the nature of the experiment, which violated the first article of the Nuremberg Code. In 1971, Philip Zimbardo conducted a study at Stanford University that attempted to examine the psychological effects attributed to becoming a prisoner and prison guard. From an applicant pool of 70 men, 24 were chosen because of the study setting. As noted, many men died, so no charity could have been put in place. Death was an expected outcome, and it was not seen as a problem at all. When a cure was made available, participants lied and said no such thing existed. The selection of participants was not random and this undermines the aspect of justice as defined by the Belmont report. The study did not have voluntary consent and the results were not at all fruitful or beneficial to society, as a cure was developed a few years after the study began, making the study itself and its useless conclusions. Physical damage was inflicted and was essentially necessary for the study. The Nuremberg Code was in effect during most of this study, but no one seemed to care about it, which is surprising because the US government was in charge of all matters relating to this study..