The absence of a directive on the rights of freedmen resulted in an incomplete upheaval of slavery. Foner argues that “freedmen did not receive the American ideal of equal citizenship.” The adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 as part of the Reconstruction Amendments attempted to resolve this discrepancy, but political manipulation in the southern states as well as mismanagement of immigration contributed, in small part, to the failure of reconstruction. Foner discusses the concept of reconstruction. as a revolution in constant evolution and representative of a broader political revolution. He calls this period “one of the most violent, dramatic, and controversial periods” in U.S. history, and while that might be the case, it was also one of the most enlightening. It highlights sociopolitical and economic concerns still evident in contemporary society. Immigration and racial equality are by no means unsolvable problems today, but they are societal problems that we can compare to past failures. Some long-term trends persisted after reconstruction. The Freedman's Bureau, Jim Crow, the Black Codes, and the Civil Rights Movement all came out of or were part of Reconstruction. The revolutionary nature of Reconstruction lies not in its implementation but rather in its ideology. It was about national awareness and legal enforcement of black emancipation. The success or failure of Reconstruction takes nothing away from its revolutionary ideals. It is important to recognize the fundamental impact of reconstruction on a historical period.