Table of contentsHistorical context of racism and discriminationSocial construction of race and ethnicityInstitutional racism and discriminationSocial psychology and implicit biasEffects on marginalized communitiesEfforts to combat racism racism and discriminationConclusionRacism and discrimination continue to be prevalent in modern society, despite decades of progress toward equality. These harmful social constructs are deeply rooted in history and remain embedded in institutions, affecting marginalized communities and hindering progress toward a more just and equitable society. By exploring historical context, the social construction of race and ethnicity, institutional racism and discrimination, social psychology and implicit bias, effects on marginalized communities, and efforts to combat racism and discrimination, we can see how these constructs shape our society and the need to dismantle them. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay Historical Background of Racism and Discrimination Racism and discrimination have been present throughout history. The earliest forms of racism and discrimination date back to the enslavement of African peoples and the exploitation of indigenous peoples by colonial powers. These harmful attitudes and actions have continued throughout history, with the genocide of indigenous communities and the slave trade marking some of the most tragic chapters in world history. In the United States, discriminatory policies such as Jim Crow laws and redlining have had lasting impacts on marginalized communities and still affect them today. It is important to understand this historical context in order to recognize the damage caused by racism and discrimination and the need to work toward healing and justice for these communities. Social Construction of Race and Ethnicity Race and ethnicity are socially constructed concepts rather than inherent characteristics. Categorizing individuals based on physical characteristics or ancestral origins began as a way to justify colonialism and exploitation. Over time, these categories were written into law and society, leading to the creation of racial and ethnic identities that were used to exclude, marginalize, and oppress certain groups. The consequences of these constructions are widespread, including the perpetuation of stereotypes and prejudices that have led to widespread discrimination. Institutional Racism and Discrimination Racism and discrimination are embedded in institutions such as education, criminal justice, and health care. Evidence of the systemic biases and disparities faced by marginalized communities can be seen in the disproportionate rates of incarceration, low educational achievement, and poor health outcomes of people of color. These institutional forms of discrimination are perpetuated by power dynamics and structural inequalities that reinforce racial and ethnic divisions. Social Psychology and Implicit Bias Implicit bias is a type of social psychology that refers to the attitudes and beliefs people have toward others based on social identities such as race, gender, or age. Implicit bias can be influenced by education, media and cultural norms, and lead to attitudes and.