Theories and Frameworks of Literacy and ESOResearch ReportI researched theories and principles relating to acquisition and learning languages, as well as the learning and development of literacy. I then analyzed the teaching approaches associated with the two fields. Teaching methods are based on learning concepts. Theories of second language learning and teaching methods are closely related to the concepts of first language learning. It is important for a teacher to be aware of the theories available in order to make informed practical choices. Learning theory Definition Associated methods Behaviorist Pavlov, Skinner 1900s Learning is the result of a stimulus. It can be manipulated, observed and does not require any cognitive processes in the brain. Learning is a process of habit formation. The role of the teacher is to control the environment and the behavior of the learner through reinforcements (rewards and punishments) Teaching and learning through mimicry, imitation, reinforcement, memorization, repetitive exercises, rewards, teacher-centered approachCognitivePiaget1950s Learning is not habit training. It involves cognitive processes. Learning is a process that takes place in the mind independently of contexts. Children’s developmental stages are central to this vision. Knowledge itself is self-sufficient and independent of contexts. Learning occurs first at the individual level Lecture, reading, learner-centered approachSocioculturalVygotsky1970s Learning is an interaction between the individual and the situation. The role of context is strongly emphasized. The teacher is a facilitator of learning rather than a “transmitter of knowledge”. Learning occurs first at the social level and only ...... middle of paper ...... an innate ability to learn languages, a crucial element in the acquisition of a second language (SLA) is typing. This entry must be understandable. This can be achieved through conversational adjustments. Some examples of modifications include • Comprehension checks • Requests for clarification • Paraphrasing Second language teaching methods associated with this theory Communicative language method – a version of task-based learning. Influenced by Krashen and developed in the 1980s-1990s. This method is characterized by guaranteeing the authenticity of the material and meaningful tasks. Swain Result CONCLUSION Effective teaching is not simply about assessing learners’ skills. It is also about knowing what elements of individual approaches and methods to adopt with different students and in different circumstancesBIBLIOGRAPHYYgotsky L (1978) Mind in Society Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press