The confusion can be scientifically related based on the methods associated with hypothesis testing for Plans of Action (COA) (Lindblom, 1959 ). The fundamental method of problem solving relies on facts overriding constraints to produce an expected outcome (Greiff, 2013). Linear evaluation of alternatives associated with the known optimal is sought through discovery and analysis. A certain degree of risk is associated with unknowns that can harm or change an outcome that is simply due to chance or beyond control (Fitzsimmons, 2011). Policy making is designed by the branches created with COAs and can be agreed upon through familiarity of the past. or a related policy (Lowenthal, 2011). Caution and branching are beneficial to the policy maker because each cramp in the branch has a measurable trade-off outcome through the association of benefit(s). For example, a policy that allows parents to emancipate their children at age 18 would include legs with the following parameter: whether the child has an existing trust following a divorce or whether the adult can be taxed on part of the trust if more of this amount Branches can be used as a bargaining chip to reach a compromise (Lindblom, 1959). Implementation trial and error provides quick insight into the overall productivity of the policy in specific cases and circumstances (Lindblom, 1959). The scientific measurement of a hypothesis justifies or discredits the theory (Miller, 2011). Politics is not so much about theory as it is about action (Page, 2010). The Selma bus boycotts generated policy that would hopefully end the boycotts. The negotiation process was unsuccessful, but ultimately the compromise across the branches of politics...... middle of paper ...... because it is the support of power that it needs to manage likely outcomes. Works Cited Fitzsimmons, J.R. (2011). Interaction between feasibility and desirability in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(4).Greiff, S.W. (2013). Complex problem solving in educational contexts: Something beyond concept, assessment, measurement invariance, and construct validity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(2), Lindblom, C. (1959). The science of “getting by”. Public Administration Review (19), 79-88.Lowenthal, MM (2011). Intelligence: from secrets to politics. . QC Press. Miller, K.D. (2011). Testing management theories: critical realist philosophy and research methods. Journal of Strategic Management, 32(2).Page, BI (2010). The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Political Preferences. University of Chicago Press.