The basic leucine zipper transcription factor C/EBPa, required for the in vivo transition from common myeloid progenitor to GM progenitor. Myelomonocytic cell type characteristics are induced by ectopic expression of C/EBPa in primary bone marrow cells, lymphocytes or in fibroblasts, where C/EBPa functions with PU.1, because deposition of H3K4me1 at activating elements of target genes requires it. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essayPax5 is induced by CLP differentiation into B-cell lineage that relies on TFs PU.1, E2A, and EBF1 that activate B-cell-specific genes, while repressing genes associated with different lineages . B lymphopoiesis cannot be carried out by Pax5-/-pro-B cells but can differentiate into other hematopoietic cell types in response to explicit signaling cascades. When Pax5 is removed from mature B cells, this will result in dedifferentiation into an uncommitted progenitor cell population, which will then undergo T lymphopoiesis. If the sequential expression of C/EBPa and GATA-2 in GM progenitors is then altered, engagement will also change. Conversion of exocrine pancreatic tissue to insulin-secreting endocrine β-cells in vivo can be achieved by forced expression of three bHLH TFs. , Ngn3, Pdx1 and MafA, identified by Melton and colleagues. When hepatic progenitor cells are introduced with expression of only the endocrine progenitor-defining TF Ngn3, they generate physiologically responsive pancreatic endocrine cells. But, in the case of mature hepatocytes, instead of hepatic progenitor cells, only insulin expression in islet cells was induced. The TFs Atoh1 and Prox1 were found to be those that modulate the development of sensory hair cells and other supporting cells, which originate from a common ancestor. Non-sensory cells in the cochlea were converted to sensory hair cells due to ectopic expression of Atoh1. But cell degeneration occurred due to suppression of Gfi1 and Atoh1, which are important for sensory cell specification, by Prox1 expression. Besides p19Arf inactivation, ectopic expression of GATA-4, Hnf1a, and Foxa3 in fibroblasts can result in hepatocyte-like cells. In adult or embryonic mice, fibroblasts can be induced in the form of multiple hepatocytes, by the ectopic expression of Hnf4a and one of the three foxA genes. Yamanaka and Melton, Wernig and colleagues showed that expression of three factors, Ascl1, Brn2 and Myt1l, in murine embryonic and postnatal fibroblasts induced transformation into neural cells (induced/iN neurons), which are physiologically responsive and capable to form functional synapses. Neuronal differentiation of human ESCs can possibly be induced by these three factors, but additional co-expression of NeuroD1 is required for reprogramming of human fetal fibroblasts into functional iN cells. Most recently, Marro reprogrammed murine hepatocytes into iN cells, to show neuronal conversion from a non-ectodermal differentiated cell type. iN cells retain a limited epigenetic signature of their starting state and the hepatic transcriptome is repressed. For functional neuronal subtypes such as dopamine neurons and spinal motor neurons, reprogramming of human and mouse fibroblasts can be performed. Fibroblasts can be attracted to,.