Table of contentsEnergy for the processes of the organismDepends on lightProduction of ATP by an electron transport chainThe first stage is carbon fixationStage 2 is the reduction of glycerate phosphateThe third step is the regeneration of RuBPTemperaturePhotosynthesis is the process described by this equation. This equation shows the complex 2-step process that takes place in the chloroplast of green plants. The final product is glucose, but the complex organic molecule such as carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids. Photosynthesis is important because it is the biological process that > ​​it produces complex organic molecules necessary for growth. It produces oxygen which is used for respiration. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay Energy for Body Processes When plants are eaten, organic molecules are used to provide energy for organisms higher in the food chain. The oxygen produced is released into the atmosphere and is available to other organisms. Structure of the chloroplast - Thylakoid -: It is the 2 membrane which forms the envelope, the chloroplast which contains a third internal membrane. The inner part of the thylakoid is called the thylakoid lumen. It contains plastocyanin and other molecules necessary for electron transport. The thylakoid is a set of membranes stacked together and these stacks are called grama. Granum is a flat membrane that increases the surface area and volume ratio and the small internal volumes quickly accumulate ions. Intergranular thylakoid: Stroma - the stroma is an aqueous matrix present inside the double membrane envelope. internal components, along with other solutes, are dispersed throughout the stroma. The stroma is rich in proteins and contains several enzymes necessary for vital cellular processes. Chloroplast DNA is also present in the stroma along with ribosomes and other molecules necessary for protein synthesis. Starch synthesized by photosynthesis is stored in the stoma in the form of granules. Photosynthetic pigments are a colored biological compound present in the chloroplast and photosynthetic bacteria and which capture light energy for photosynthesis. In plants, the two types of pigments are chlorophylls and carotenoids. These are colored because they absorb particular wavelengths of light and reflect others. The reason plants are green is due to chlorophyll pigments, which give plants the color green by reflecting green light. Carotenoids reflect red, orange or yellow light. ATP is an important molecule found in all living organisms. It diffuses around the cell and provides energy for cellular processes. Adenosine triphosphate is produced in the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis from adenosine diphosphate and the organic p phosphate group, which requires energy. ATP releases energy in the light-independent reaction and forms a bond between inorganic phosphate groups, which then produces ADP and an inorganic phosphate group. NADP and NADPH are the coenzyme involved in photosynthesis reactions. The compound is a nucleotide that contains an adenine base and a nicotinamide base. Nucleotides are linked by phosphate groups. There is an additional phosphate on the ribose of the adenine-containing nucleotide. NADP can accept reduced electrons inNADP, often called NADPH. This is oxidized to NADP releasing electrons. During photosynthesis, the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP using energy from sunlight is called photophosphorylation. There are only two sources of energy available to living organisms: sunlight and the redox reactions of reduction and oxidation. Every organism produces ATP. There are two stages of photophosphorylation and they are Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation. Steps of Photophosphorylation In the process of photosynthesis and phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP, this uses the energy of sunlight and is called phtotphosplation. Photophosphorylation light energy is used to create a high energy electron donor and a lower energy electron acceptor. Cyclic photophosphorylation involves only photosystem 1 and does not utilize NADP+ reduction. When light is absorbed by photosystem 1, electrons will enter the electron transport chain to produce ATP. the de-excited electron will return to the photosystem restoring the electron supply. The electron will then return to NADP+, meaning it has not been reduced and water is not needed to replenish the electron supply. Noncyclic photophosphorylation occurs in two steps involving two different photosystems. Photosystem II and photosystem I and requires NADP+ reduction. The noncyclic occurs in the stroma frets. When light is absorbed by photosystem II, the excited electrons will enter the electron transport chain to produce ATP while photoactivation of photosystem I results in the release of electrons that reduce NADH+ to form NADPH. The photolysis of water will release the electrons which then replace the electrons lost by photosystem II. Photolysis is the splitting of chemical compounds by light energy or photons. Photosynthesis has two stages: this one is light dependent and it is light independent. Light-dependent The light-dependent reaction uses photosynthetic pigments organized into photosystems that convert light energy into chemical energy, for example. ATP and NADPH. The membranes located are light-harvesting systems called photosystems. There are 2 photosystems: photosystem I and photosystem II. Both have chlorophyll at their center. The light-dependent photosynthesis reaction is the first major process of photosynthesis because it uses light energy which is then converted into chemical energy such as ATP and NADP. This occurs across the membranes of the chloroplast thylakoids, that is, between the chloroplast stroma and the thylakoid space. In the thylakoids, the reaction that occurs in the specialized membrane discs of the chloroplast involves 3 stages: the excitation of the photosystems by light energy. The production of ATP by an electron transport chain. Reduction of NADP+ and photolysis of water is the first step. Excitation of photosystems by light energy. This is when the photosystems are transferred into groups of photosynthetic pigments whose chlorophyll is incorporated into the thylakoid membrane. Next, photosystems classified based on peak absorption wavelengths. Photosystem I is equal to 700 nm and photosystem II is equal to 680 nm. When photosystems absorb light energy, they are delocalized electrons in pigments that become energized or excited. Then, these excited electrons are transferred to carrier molecules in the thylakoid membrane. 2. The second stage of addictionlight is the production of ATP by the electron transport chain. Electrons from photosystems II P680 are transferred to an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane. Then, when the electrons pass through the chain, they lose their energy, which is then translocated into H+ ions in the thylakoid. This then creates protons in the thylakoid, which creates an electrochemical gradient or proton driving force. H+ ions will return to the stroma along the proton gradient by chemiosmosis of the transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase. ATP synthase uses the passage of H+ ions to catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP+Pi. This process is called photophosphorylation because light provides the initial energy source for ATP production. The de-excited electrons from photosystem II will be absorbed by photosystem I. 3. This is the last stage of the Light Dependent. This is the Reduction of NADP+ and Water Photolysis. Electrons excited by photosystem I can be transferred to a carrier molecule and used to reduce NADP+. This then forms NADPH, which is needed in conjunction with ATP for light-independent reactions. The lost electrons from photosystem I are replaced by the de-excited electrons from photosystem II. Electrons lost from photosystem II are replaced by electrons released from water by photolysis. Water is split by light energy into H+ ions, which are used in chemiosmosis, and oxygen is released as a byproduct. Light-independent, the reactions use chemical energy derived from the light-dependent reaction to form organic molecules. In the light-independent reaction that occurs in the stroma, this is the fluid-filled space of the chloroplast. The light-independent reaction is also known as the Calvin cycle and involves the 3 steps: Carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate Reduction of glycerate phosphate Regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate The first step is carbon fixation The Calvin cycle is a chemical reaction that takes place in the chloroplast during photosynthesis. The cycle is a light-independent reaction because it requires sunlight and therefore occurs after the sun's energy has been captured. The reaction begins when the ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) compound 5C. An enzyme, RuBP carboxylase, catalyzes the attachment of the CO2 molecule to Rupp. This then results in the 6C compound being unstable and then leading to the decomposition of the compound into two 3C compounds called glycerate 3 phosphate. GPLThen the cycle involves 3 molecules of RuBP which combine with the 3 molecules of CO2 to form six molecules of GP2.Step 2 is the reduction of glycerate phosphateThe 3 GP glycerate phosphate is converted to triose phosphate at the help from NADPH and ATP. Reduction of NADPH transfers hydrogen atoms to the compound, while hydrolysis of ATP provides energy. Next, the GP will need one NADPH and one ATP to form a triose phosphate. A single cycle will require six of each molecule. The third step is the regeneration of RuBP. Of the six TP molecules produced per cycle, one TP molecule can be used to form half of a sugar molecule. 2 cycles will be necessary to produce a single glucose. monomer and more will be needed to produce polysaccharides such as starch. Ramininfg5 TP molecules will be combined with regenerated stocks of RuBP 5* 3C= 3*5C Regeneration of RuBP will require energy derived from ATP hydrolysis. Limiting Factors of the Calvin Cycle Affecting Photosynthesis The main factors that affect photosynthesis rates are light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and.