Manifestations and treatment options of complications of osteoporosis in the case of a 64-year-old woman Keywords: osteoporosis, degenerative disease of the joints, asthma, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, DEXA, WHO, SERM, EU, IOF. Summary Information on the consequences of osteoporosis indicates that it is a disease that produces soft bones, as the strength and quality of bones is diminished. This triggers the bones to fracture as they are in a porous state, with the disease progressing quietly. A 64-year-old woman was taken to a medical clinic because she had persistent lower back pain. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get an original essay She also has a past case of type 2 diabetes, asthma, hypertension, including degenerative joint disease. Her physical examination indicated that she experienced aching pain in the lower lumbar areas, as well as several dangerous risks such as old age, female gender, and reduced body weight, which indicates osteoporosis. Second, physical examination reveals no signs of radiculopathy, obvious fracture, nerve injury, or acute cause of low back pain. Diagnostic techniques such as liver function test, calcium and phosphorus test, blood count tests, thyroid function and a test to measure mineral content and bone density were orchestrated. A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA scan) was performed since the patient was over 50 years old with a risk of osteoporosis. Having a history of asthma, the patient was treated with steroids for exacerbations. Second, a healthy diet was recommended immediately, as vitamin D and calcium supplementation was recommended for him to build and maintain strong and dense bones. SERMs and bisphosphonates were the preferred medications. Case Study and Diagnosis Case Study Osteoporosis is considered a metabolic skeletal disease attributed to bone fragility, leading to a high risk of developing spontaneous and traumatic fractures. Clara Jane, 64, was brought to hospital by her daughter due to concerns about persistent lower back pain. Clara's daughter explained that over the past few months, her mother has felt a shooting pain in her lower lumbar region. Clara then says that with more effort it becomes even more detrimental as she finds it difficult to carry out daily physical activities, for example gardening, but still tries to be active 3-4 days a week by walking . However, she doesn't feel any numbness or tingling but still worries about the pain she feels when she asks for an x-ray. Clara also cautiously indicates whether or not she's exaggerating, but feels like she might be shrinking. Previously, she tried on a pair of jeans that she bought a few years ago, because they are currently too long for her. When asked about her family history, she noted that her sister had brittle bones. Clara also has a history of high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis and asthma. Diagnosis With no evidence of physical trauma, the doctor began a physical examination during which her blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, respiratory rate, weight, and height were recorded. His heart rate was then measured by listening to his heartbeat with a stethoscope. Second, he also started recording his body temperature and frequencybreathing by measuring your breathing rate. And then later I moved on to his weight and height, but found out his height was abnormal. Table 1 Vital signs Results Reference range Units of observation Quotes Blood pressure 135/75 120/80-140/90 Normal mm Hg Medscape, 2015 Heart rate 72 50-80 bpm normal Medscape, 2015 Respiratory rate 18 16-20 Bpm normal Medscape, 2015 Temperature 99 97-99 Normal 0F Medline, 2016 Height 4 feet 11 inches (150) 5 feet 3 inches (161.6) Abnormal inches (cm) ONS, 2010 weight 99(45) 11 (70.2) Weight health lbs (kg) Nhs, 2015 Although Clara requested an x-ray, it would be of no use if it were not for the doctor's ability to eliminate the risk of structural fractures of the lower lumbar/back. Therefore, a DEXA (DXA) scan was orchestrated to determine the amount of bone tissue in the area examined. The main principle of the analysis is that the lower the strength of the bone, the more preeminent the probability of obtaining a crack. Treatment and Outcomes Treatment options for the patient have been described to intervene on the disease. Firstly, Clara's diet was carefully examined as it was found that she does not use any supplements because she eats a healthy diet. However, upon further evaluation by a dietitian, it was revealed that the absorption of the necessary nutrients, vitamin D and calcium, was lower than recommended. Therefore, supplementation with these two nutrients should begin immediately. Vitamin D is of great importance because it plays an important role in regulating calcium and maintaining phosphorus levels in the blood, both extremely valuable factors in maintaining healthy bones. Calcium helps build and maintain strong bones. Medications were also carefully considered, because given her T score as well as her symptoms, SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) and bisphosphonates were the preferred medications. Raloxifene was the recommended SERM because they were developed to take advantage of the benefits of estrogen while avoiding the potential aftereffects of the hormone. Raloxifene is considered a synthetic estrogen. It can therefore act like an estrogen by protecting bone density and reducing the risk of spinal rupture. SERMs bind with high affinity to the estrogen receptor and have estrogen agonist and antagonist properties that vary depending on the individual target organ (Cosman F, Lindsay R, 1999). The factors that determine the variable estrogen receptor agonist and antagonist activity of SERMs are not fully defined but are still under active study. Bisphosphonates such as alendronate (Binosto, Fosamax) may help prevent the body from destroying bone structure. Bisphosphonates inhibit bone reabsorption by inducing apoptosis of bone cells (osteoclasts), thereby preventing bone loss and age-related deterioration of bone structure (Kenneth E Poole, 2012). As mentioned previously, the patient tries to stay active by walking and gardening. Depending on the intensity, they are very beneficial for aerobic activities. This is why an intense exercise program should be gradually integrated into one's routine. As she suffers from a degenerative joint disease, a monitored exercise program should be followed initially so that she focuses properly on her fitness and does not cause undue stress on her joints. Discussion Bisphosphonates share a usual chemical structure with side chain variations as they exhibit differences in their drug properties, such as., 2013).