Nyaya logicThe Nyaya alternatively known as Tarka-vidya (“Science of reasoning”), Vada-vidya (“Science of argumentation”), Parman -sastra (“Science of logic and Epistemology”), Hetu-vidya (“Science of causality”), Anvīks̩kī: (“Science of critical study”). The founder of Nyaya was Gautama (also known as Gotama) who was also referred to by names like Aksa-pada ("Footed Eye") and Dirga-tapas ("Long Penance"). In ancient India, people were given nicknames based on their lifestyle and habits. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay The main text written by Gotama is known as Nyaya-sutra on which Nyaya-bhasya a commentary was written by Vatsayan. Vartika on Nyaya-bhasya was written by Uddyotakara, on which Taparya-tika was commented on by Vachaspati. Nyaya is a school of atomistic pluralism and logical realism. It is related to Vasesika syatem (samanantara), Vasesika develops ontology and metaphysics, Nyaya develops logic or epistemology. “Earthly life is full of suffering, like the slavery of the soul,” are recognized by both. Nyaya proposes the existence of two types of knowledge valid (prama) and invalid (aprama). Nyaya keeps the “correspondence theory” known by Paratah pramanya. Types of valid knowledge according to Nyaya: Perception- pratakshyaInference- anumanaComparison-upmanaTestimony- srutiInvalidKnowledge Types according to NyayaSmrti- memorySamasya-doubtViparyaya- error (error of understanding)Tarka- hypothetical reasoningThe types of Nyaya syllogism are: Pratijna: this hill has fireHetu: because 'it has smokeUdaharana: whatever has smoke has fire.Upanaya: this hill has smoke which is invariably associated with fire.Naigama: therefore this hill has fire.Western logicWestern logic is fundamentally thought from the western part of the world. It began with the Greek philosophy of the pre-Socratics such as Thales (624-526 BC) and Pythagoras (570-495 BC). The word philosophy comes from the Greek literally meaning “the love of wisdom”. The scope of logic is ancient. Understanding the works of certain intellectuals includes problems of philosophy as they are understood today, but it also includes many other disciplines such as problems of pure mathematics and natural sciences (physics, astronomy, biology). Western logic is divided into 5 parts, notably according to the period during which they were suggested: 1. Ancient:a)Pre-Socratic periodb)Socrates)Platode)Aristotle2. Medieval3. Renaissance4. Moderna)Early Modern (17th and 18th centuries)b)Late Modern (19th century)5. Contemporary (21st century)a)Analyticalb)Continentalc)Pragmatismd)Process)ThomismComparative studyWestern logicThe Greek philosopher Aristotle mainly gave the theories on Western logic around 384-322 BCE. Western logic quickly became extremely popular and replaced the conventional form of Stoic logic in the western regions of the world. Soon, this logic was taken up by medieval Arabic and Latin traditions. Aristotle's work was mainly based on 4 bases of logic: CategoriesInterpretationPrior analysesPostanalyses. The method of logic mainly depends on the method of deduction which involves the premise of the final remark of the argument and the method of induction in which the arguments move from the particular to the universal. In such a syllogistic method, the primary premises are also universal and can be positive ornegative. In the secondary premise, the statements are universal or particular such that a valid conclusion can be derived from these premises. For example, all men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Every living being moves (main premise). No stone moves (secondary premise). ), No stone lives (conclusion). Aristotalian theory implies the true nature of thought, if thought, language and reality are meant to be isomorphic, then we will have greater insight into our reasoning and considerations. In a categorical scenario, the predicate shows the 3 different ways in which it can be related to each other: Homonymy (“Equivocal”) Synonomy (“Univocal”) Paraonymy (“Derivative”). In this type of situation, there are different propositions in 10 attributes which are substance, quantity, quality, relative, where, when, being in a position, having acted and being affected by. The major attribute is “the individual thing itself.” The species in genes are the secondary substance to which the individual substance belongs. According to interpretation theory, predicates are combined with subjects to form propositions or statements each of which gives a true or false result, but this logic creates error when applied in the future. In the future events scenario, the outcome is uncertain, that is, it is not certain that the event will occur nor that it will necessarily occur. According to Aristotle, mathematical logic opens the way to knowledge derived from the already known processes of syllogism and established principles. According to this theory, living and non-living things are distinguished on the basis of movement. Aristotle's logic is the basis of theology in the West. Traditional Logic The Kauitlya Arthasathra originated Indian Nyaya logic in India around 350 BC. Gautama discovered this logic, this logic is also defined as “pramana sastra” or science of precise knowledge. It mainly depends on 4 conditions: Subject or PramanObject or PramyaPramiti or CognitionNature of knowledge. Correct knowledge is given by these 4 parmanasPratyaksha (direct perception)Anurmana (interference)Upamana (analogy)Sabda (verbal testimony).Swaroop of Nyaya is that which distinguishes objects from one another. Asambhava and ativyapti are two definitional errors. Four categories used in direct perception by Gautama are senses (indriya), objects (artha), sense contact (sannikara) and cognition produced by contact (janana). The knowledge of the perceived about the unperceived is Anumana. The relationship between the two is of three types – cause, effect or perceived elements or creation of joint effect of something else are some of them. The syllogism shows that the interference is drawn from the knowledge of the universal relationship and its application to the specific situation. The minor premise (Pakashdharmata) is the form of perception while the major premise (Vyapti) comes from inductive forms of reasoning. The frequency of observation increases the probability of universal propositions that cannot be obtained by reasoning alone and this is not certain. Nyaya logic studies advance with comparison with an already known result. Mistakes and errors occur in Nyaya logic when mixed with correct logic. Commentary by Suchisattam Saran: To conclude, Nyaya logic replaces Western logic in the form of specific inferences and logics. Keep in mind: this is just a sample. Get a personalized article from our expert writers now. Get a Custom Essay Conclusion This assignment concludes that the Nyaya Logic originated around the 6th century..