International Studies Quarterly, Vol 17, no. 2. P. 147-174. Michael J. Shapiro is an American nationalist and professor of political science at the University of Hawaii. He is best known as an educator, theorist and writer. His works are more often described as “post-disciplinary”. International relations theory, comparative politics, sociology, and indigenous politics are among his primary interests, in addition to his extensive lists of interests. He has written a few books, “Cinematic Politics” and “Politics and Time” are two named among others. His co-author G. Matthew Bonham is professor emeritus of political science and affiliated faculty member in the International Relations Program at the Maxwell School. He specializes in international relations, public diplomacy, international politics, foreign policy decision-making and others. It offers courses in comparative foreign policy, advanced public diplomacy, international affairs, and more. One of his publications is titled “The “War on Terror”. His research interests focused on the area of ​​public diplomacy and international political communications. Say no to plagiarism. Get a custom essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get an original essay In this article, Shapiro and Bonham talked about making foreign policy decisions based on past and present studies with a psychological orientation, emphasizing the influence of psychological factors. characteristic of those who participate in foreign policy decision-making. This includes both individuals and groups. They focus more on current studies, including their importance for perception, cognition, and information processing. Unlike perception and information processing, the cognitive processes approach has attempted, to specific degrees, to express the beliefs of decision makers. And encourage their belief structures to deepen the way in which international events are understood and the political alternatives considered. The ultimate objective of this investigation once again centers on the identification and responses of foreign policy makers to international events. With the use of two dimensions in this approach. First and foremost, the explanation of cognitive dynamics. Second, there is the dimension of the mode in which explanations of foreign policy should be expressed. In other words, the main objective of this investigation should be described as “policy-oriented”. The argument identified in this article is that the cognitive approach used to explain events in the international community by foreign policy makers is conceptualized under normative implications and theoretical perspective. However, the two conceptions do not agree. From the normative implication perspective, the cognitive process approach to foreign policy decision-making relies lightly on constructing a comprehensive theoretical framework that allows foreign policy decision-makers to explain and predict the decisions that would be made by policymakers when considering the nature of international events. However, from a theoretical point of view, the interpretation of events in the international environment depends on the possible outcomes. Foreign policy decision makers use a deductive process to maximize their expected gains relative to expected losses. The article is intended for review by foreign policy makers, other researchers.