LexisThe lexicon used in epitaphs varies according to religion. Phrases or entire sentences are cited on tombstones. It is seen on a Muslim tombstone (figure 1.95) engraved with “inna lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un (إِنَّا لِلّهِ وَإِنَّـا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعونَ). This is a verse from the Quran that translates to “We certainly belong to Allah and to Him we will return” in English. This extract from the Holy Book is presented in the form of prayer, idiom and conventions for prayers. Additionally, on Jewish tombstones, the phrase "Hear, O Israel, Lord our God, the Lord is One" is engraved on many, which is one of the greatest commandments in Deuteronomy 6:4. Jewish tombstones with Hebrew engravings have increased value to genealogists, as they not only indicate the date of death of the deceased and the time, age or date of conception, but they also incorporate the name of the deceased's father . This allows us to go back another generation. The formulas and expressions are consistent across the tombstones. Most epitaphs are brief accounts of the deceased's family and perhaps career, often accompanied by an expression of love or respect - "beloved husband of..." (figure 4.6) - but others are more ambitious. These lexical items such as "in memory of" are common in most inscriptions and can sound like a cliché. From the Renaissance to the 19th century, in Western culture, epitaphs for personalities became increasingly lengthy and pompous descriptions of their family origins, careers, virtues, and immediate family, often in Latin. However, the Laudatio Turiae, the longest known ancient Roman epitaph, exceeds almost all of these at 180 lines; she celebrates the virtues of a wife, probably of a consul. It is evident on a tombstone (figure 4.2) ...... middle of paper ...... number of population falling under the Muslim category until the 20th century so there are not many tombstones which can be analyzed. As this topic is rather unusual, little research has been done, so it was difficult to find theorists. Assessment To enable this investigation to have sufficient evidence and thorough research, it would have been better to visit more cemeteries. throughout the country so that the results are more reliable. To better understand the meaning of the inscriptions, I could have spoken to the religious leaders about death. The validity of the conclusion could have been better with more evidence from different cemeteries across the country. Therefore, due to the limited evidence, it is possible to lead to inaccurate results. It was also difficult to decipher some inscriptions because the tombstones had been eroded by weather (figure 5-5.4).