The field of nursing is dynamic, complex and requires a broad body of knowledge. From a vocation, it has become a profession and a theoretical discipline. In Carper's "Fundamental Patterns of Knowing in Nursing," she identifies four patterns of knowing that are "essential to the teaching and learning of nursing...and what types of knowledge should be most valuable to the discipline of nursing nurses”. These four models of knowledge include empirical, aesthetic, personal and ethical knowledge, and they determine the basis of nursing identity and practice. Empirical knowledge belongs to the science of nursing, drawing on traditional scientific ideas expressed in practice, involving conscious problem solving and logical reasoning. Aesthetic knowledge concerns the “art of nursing” which involves the actions, conduct, attitudes, and interaction of nurses with patients and others. It emphasizes empathy and the act of intuition: knowing what to do without conscious deliberation. Personal knowledge concerns nurses' actions to become aware of themselves, their openness to experience and their personality....