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Essay / Political corruption - 2354
Political corruption is a serious problem that limits the development of emerging economies. Many researchers have identified corruption as the new enemy of democratization, accusing it of limiting the political and socio-economic development of most developing countries (Bardhan P., 1997; Seligson M., 2002, Canache D. et Allison M., 2005). Although no one can really measure “corruption” due to its discrete nature and the different discourses that define it, citizens' perceptions of corruption can give us an idea of its direction. Many current approaches to the study of corruption take into consideration the importance of corruption perception indices (Johnston 2005, Acemoglu D. and Robinson J. 2001, Canache D. and Allison M., 2005) and the availability democratic channels such as regular networks. popular elections, freedom of the press, civil society organizations, private property rights and individual rights (O'Donell G, 1994). Corruption Index reports such as Transparency International, LatinoBarometro, Freedom House) show widespread public awareness of mass corruption in developing countries (TI, 2011; LB 2009; FH 2010). Awareness of corruption does not seem to raise major demands for a serious fight against corruption. The question underlying this literature review is: why do citizens, after accurately perceiving corruption and perceiving it as bad, fail to adjust their opinions about the leaders or democratic institutions that serve them? govern, or simply ignore them? The issue of public tolerance for political corruption was assessed. from different approaches. Some researchers, for example, focus on the direct link between citizens and organizations/leaders based on clientelism, nepotism, cronyism and other informal means of wealth redistribution (Kurer, O. 1993, R. .... middle of the article ...the social construction of the “sense of appropriation” of public institutions can lead us to understand the feeling of responsibility of civil society We have seen, for example, how to revive the. civil society's sense of entitlement towards the public Most South American leftist regimes depend on this "sense" of ownership/entitlement to win elections and stay in power. However, few of these countries show serious interest in it. institutionalization of citizens' rights However, further research should help us understand how remittances, language and the expectation of leaving the country contribute to the creation of a passive/inactive civil society. Researchers in corruption and democracy theory should consider these approaches.