(Ke E 10.11) Explain, with the help of a diagram, the use of fractional distillation in an oil refinery. How is this method used to help produce chemical-technical products (fuels, solvents, etc.). Due to their different boiling points, substances in crude oil can be separated using fractional distillation. The crude oil is braked and its vapor condenses at different temperatures in the fractionating column. Each fraction contains hydrocarbon molecules with a very similar number of carbon atoms. (Ke C 10.11) Refineries often use cracking to produce chemicals from petroleum that can be useful precursors. Explain why we need to “crack” long-chain hydrocarbons instead of using the products of fractional distillation directly when making plastics. By cracking them, we will transform long-chain molecules into shorter, more usable molecules. We still make short chain composites, for example ethene and propene which have a double bond between the carbon atoms. The double bonds reactivate these composites and can therefore be used as “new” plastics. If you use cracking method it will help us to make/make plastics, if we have a long chain molecule we will not be able to add other atoms but by cracking the molecule it will break it down into small pieces and This will help us take the small broken pieces and add more atoms. Describe in detail the production of a typical plastic like high-density polyethylene or PVC. from monomer and polymer cracking. To make PVC (polyvinyl chloride), you have to start from the beginning by cracking the hydrocarbon molecules into monomers that are both double bonds. PVC is a used plastic that contains hydrogen, chlorine and carbon. It all “started” from the polymerization method. It is a ...... middle of paper ...... red with mud and silt. Silt and mud settle into rocks, leaving organic matter trapped between rock layers. As more silt and mud are deposited, more layers of rock are added to the layer of organic matter. The added weight of the rocks and some heating beneath the organic matter help push out water that contains oxygen. Then the oil travels up through porous rocks until it hits non-porous rock and remains there to be collected. So to extract the oil we then need to use a drill rig to find the oil, and to find oil over the ocean we use the same concept and use a drilling rig to extract the oil. So to extract the oil we usually pump steam, the steam then pushes the oil out of the ground. But there are places that are very cold and there is oil in the ground, then we have to pump hot steam to get the oil to actually rise..