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Essay / Gender, Sexual Behavior, Identity, and Sexual Identity
However, violating gender ideology can have negative consequences (Striepe and Tolman, 2013). Male gender role conflicts, the social construction of masculinity, and social gender norms encourage men to suppress healthy attitudes and behaviors that are seen as contradictory to the norm (Harris, 2008). Traditional ideology of masculinity and lack of reference group identity, lack of kinship and connection with other men are linked to lower quality romantic relationships for every man (Wade & Donis, 2007). Masculinity contributes to sexual bias against gay men because of the strong pressure placed on men to conform to traditional masculine norms (Mellinger & Levant, 2014). One way for men to gain credibility with other men is to conform to stereotypical expectations when performing masculinity (Harris 2008). Gender bias helps men demonstrate their masculinity and punishes gay men for violating traditional masculine norms (Mellinger & Levant, 2014). However, even if the language is harmless, it still contributes to homophobic harassment and male aggression (Hall and LaFrance, 2012). Gender self-esteem would have a positive impact on the relationship between masculinity and sexual prejudice (Mellinger and Levant,