Furthermore, America and Europe then began to view this practice with increasing criticism. According to the article "Female Circumcision", the author states that "France and England, for example, instituted educational programs in schools and hospitals, hoping to help teachers and workers in health to better recognize not only the victims of female excision, but also those who could be in danger. » Many African countries such as Sudan, Senegal, Yemen, Chad, Liberia and Mali have already signed. While this is an important first step, other policies need to be implemented and enforced. It is clear that there must be specific laws prohibiting female genital mutilation in every African country. In 1994, Ghana passed a law explicitly banning FGM, and many other laws followed. Countries that are still hesitant are also invited to do so. Enforcing these laws still proves difficult. Professional associations of doctors, nurses and midwives must take a clear stand against FGM and adopt regulations prohibiting their members from performing the procedure. Doctors must then refuse to practice FGM in their communities and educate their population about the medical risks and harmful consequences of practicing FGM. The last argument is the profit provided by the practice of FGM/CF. A woman's honor depends on her participation in this traditional initiation. Girls report feeling alone and ashamed if they are not circumcised. Castledine says: “Because of its association with purity, young women who have not been cut are unlikely to marry in countries where FGM is practiced. » Thus, some girls ask to be circumcised while others are dragged away by their families. Nevertheless, for many, this procedure is considered vital. Uncircu...... middle of paper ...... New York Times (2012): Global Issues in Context. Internet. June 27, 2013. Buckwalter, Rebecca. “No end in sight: female mutilation is not weakening.” Harvard International Review 27.1 (2005): 7. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Internet. June 18, 2013. Castledine, Jacqueline. “Female genital mutilation: a question of cultural relativism or human rights? Mount Holyoke College. Coffman, Jennifer E. “Producing FGM in American Courts: Political Asylum in the Post-Kasinga Era.” » Africa Today Magazine 53.4 (2007): 59+. Global issues in context. Internet. June 27, 2013. “Female circumcision”. Online collection on global issues in context. (2013): Global Issues in Context. Internet. June 27, 2013. Mason, Marcia L. Atrocities against women: female genital mutilation. September 1995. Xiaorong Li, “Tolerating the Intolerable: The Case of Female Genital Mutilation,” Philosophy and Public Policy Quarterly 21. 1 (2001): 4.