The hydrophobic cotton surface is easily manufactured by a new simple process by adsorbing a fluorinated surfactant onto the cotton surface and then polymerizing a low surface energy fluorinated monomer in the presence of an initiator at room temperature with a short time. By in situ introducing a fluoropolymer onto cotton fibers to generate double surface roughness, followed by hydrophobization with trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEM), the normally hydrophilic cotton easily became hydrophobic, exhibiting a contact angle static with water of 132° for a 10 µL droplet. and water droplets can also roll off the cotton surface easily. The rough morphology of the micro/nano-textured surface, after surface fluorination, results in hydrophobicity and superoleophilicity simultaneously. The hydrophobic nature was confirmed by a simple drop test and contact angle measurement. The surface composition was evaluated by FT IR and SEM, EDS analysis to confirm the fluoropolymer layer on the cotton surface. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why violent video games should not be banned”?Get an original essayInspired by the lotus phenomenon, the construction of these special superhydrophobic surfaces (the contact angle with water is greater than 1,500 ) is increasingly attractive in various potential application areas both in academic research and practical applications such as self-cleaning, anti-contamination and anti-stick. Superhydrophobicity is extraordinary wettability with high water contact angle and low slip angle. Nienhuis et al explained that the water drops rolling on the surfaces of lotus leaves are due to the presence of a combination of rough micro-nanostructures and low surface energy waxy materials on their surfaces. Based on this principle, scientists and researchers have tried various methods to fabricate such special hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces by constructing hierarchical micro/nanostructures with low surface energy materials. Cotton, a soft and fluffy fiber, has a low production cost, low density and good strength in both cases. in wet and dry conditions and other unique properties such as comfort and breathability make them even more attractive for future applications. It is a raw material widely used to make clothing for many years. Cotton is made of almost pure cellulose which contains hydroxyl groups. Despite cotton's many benefits, the hydroxyl groups make it a wonderful water-loving, i.e. hydrophilic, adsorbent. Excessive water absorption capacity allows cotton textile to be easily stained and soiled. Sometimes cotton textiles also get wet and contaminated with blood, oiliness and even unwanted bacteria when used as fabrics, especially in the hospitality industry. Therefore, in recent years, non-wettable cotton textiles with high water contact angle value and dirt-resistant cotton textiles have long been an interesting research topic. Modifying textiles with hydrophobic chemicals to make the surface hydrophobic is a well-established technology developed in the early 1940s (Roach et al. 2008). For example, a patent published by Gao and McCarthy et al (2006) based on silane hydrophobization. They were successfully made of artificial polyester fabric resembling a lotus leaf. Two factors, thesurface chemical composition and surface structure (roughness), promote special non-wettable effects on fabrics. Various approaches would improve the surface roughness, such as the introduction of nanotechnology through electrospinning, plasma processing and sol-gel technology, chemical vapor deposition. Silicone compound is also reported to coat fabric surfaces for many years. Besides nanotechnology, polymer technology also plays an important role in creating a thin surface film with high hydrophobicity. Fluorocarbon coating has been used to make wells water repellent, as studied by Shao et al (2004) and others. Recently, a new method has been used to produce a thin-film polymer coating on a solid substrate via surfactant adsorption, called admicellar polymerization. It is a surfactant-assisted polymerization to coat cotton fabric by the formation of an ultra-thin film with a thickness of around 10 nm, i.e. in finishes at the nanoscale without changing the softness and breathability characteristics of cotton fabrics. Admicellar polymerization is a useful method for creating ultra-thin polymer films on solid surfaces in an aqueous solution. The micellar process is the formation of a bilayer of surfactant on a solid surface where adsorption takes place. After monomers are added to the bilayer, the monomers distribute into the core of the admicell in a process called adsolubilization. Then, in the presence of an initiator, this monomer undergoes a polymerization reaction forming a region of high monomer density at the water/substrate interface to form a thick or thin polymer layer on the surface substrate. Finally, the substrate is rinsed to remove excess surfactant to expose the polymer layer on the substrate surface. The schematic representation of admicellar polymerization on a solid substrate is shown in Figure 1. CMC plays an important role in surfactant aggregation. Lower CMC means low concentration and also less surfactant will be required for adsorption at the solid/liquid interface for lower cost admicellar polymerization. Wu et al. studied the formation of ultra-thin films of polystyrene on alumina by this technique using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a surfactant. Essumi et al. also created a surfactant-coated alumina with a particle size of 200 nm by admicellar polymerization technique using a polymerizable surfactant. Admicellar polymerization has been successfully used to create various types of polymer films on different surfaces such as polystyrene on silica, polystyrene on cotton, fluoropolymer on alumina. Admicellar polymerizations have superior advantages over the above process due to its simplicity and low energy consumption when used on textile fabrics (E .A. O' Rear et al. 2002). The fluorinated surfactant contains a hydrophilic tail and the hydrophobic head group has specific properties such as low polarizability, low dielectric constant, high vapor pressure, high gas solubility, low surface tension and also low concentration review of micelles [20]. In addition to this, fluorocarbon and fluorosurfactant have stronger hydrogen bonding and also higher partition coefficients, higher surface activity compared to the minimum amount of hydrocarbon system and lower concentration is required. Here are approaches to creating a double hydrophobic cotton textilephase by adsorption of a small quantity of fluorinated surfactant and solubilization of a small quantity of fluorinated monomers by admicellar polymerization technique. Small quantities are very important criteria to overcome the costly effectiveness of fluorinated chemicals.Materials The cotton pique fabric was purchased from the local textile store. The fabric was resized and treated in 10% NaOH solution for 1 hour, then the fabric was washed repeatedly until free of any remaining lubricants and other additives. The monomer used, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate (TFEM), was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The surfactants used, nonionic fluorosurfactant FS61, were purchased from DuPont India. The initiator potassium persulfate was purchased from Merck. All chemicals were used without further purification. Modification of the surface of cotton fabrics by admicellar polymerization The modification was carried out by the admicellar polymerization method via adsorption of surfactant on the surface. A variety of sample formulations were made by a trial and error method. We have described the sample formulation method that provides the best result. Homopolymerization of 1 ml of 3 mM TFEM on cotton was carried out in a 30 ml vial containing a solution of 20 ml of FS61 (1 ml) in CMC, pH-4 water at a temperature of 400 °C. 1% NaCl is used for better adsorption of surfactants. At the beginning of the experiment, 1 g of cotton fabric was placed in the bottle; the bottle was sealed with aluminum foil. The sealed vial was then placed in a water bath thermostatically controlled at 40°C and shaken at 80 rpm for 1 hour. Then, an initiator, potassium persulfate, was injected to initiate polymerization to obtain an initiator:monomer ratio of 1:1. The bottle was closed and the polymerization was allowed to continue for an additional 1 hour at 60°C. The excess surfactant was rinsed with several volumes of water and the sample was dried in an oven at 700°C. Determination of hydrophobic properties Drop test The water repellency test is a first characterization of the treated surface to evaluate the hydrophobic coating of the cotton surface. Two test methods were used to evaluate water repellency. A first characterization of the treated surface was carried out by the drop test. A 10 µL droplet of distilled water was placed carefully on the surface of the cotton fabric without forcing using a 20 µL syringe. The absorption time of water (wetting time) onto a fabric surface during the drop test was determined up to a maximum of 120 minutes, at which time the sample passed. A better second method was performed according to AATCC test method 22 (spray test). Contact angle measurement Water contact angles were measured using an automatic video contact angle tester optical tensiometer (TL100 Theta) and software supplied with it. the instrument at a temperature of 240°C. The contact angle was measured by the sessile drop method. To measure the contact angle, a drop of 10 µL of distilled and deionized water with a surface tension of 72.75 mN/m was deposited on tissue using a micropipette at a height of 2 cm. . Observations took place over a 10 minute period and the average contact angle was reported by measuring at five different sample sites at the two cotton textile sites. The average contact angle was obtained in 1320. Characterization of fluoropolymer-coated cotton fabrics. The surface morphology of the modified and unmodified cotton fabric was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), model no. JEOL JSM 5800. All sampleswere covered with gold before being digitized. SEM images indicate the micro/nanostructure of the surface. For chemical composition, EDS analysis was also performed using a ZEISS 960A SEM equipped with Oxford Link energy dispersive spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra of unmodified and modified cotton fabrics were recorded by the ATR mode technique using the PerkinElmer FTIR-ATR spectrophotometer (L1600300 Spectrum two Lita SN96499). The IR spectrum was taken over the wavenumber range from 4000 cm-1 to 500 cm-1. This study explains the features present in different untreated and treated cotton fabrics. Hydrophobic Properties of Coatings Hydrophobicity on cotton surfaces cannot be assessed by a single method. The drop test and water residence time allow a quick and simple presentation of the water-repellent properties of the fabric through the formation of a continuous thin polymer film on the cotton surface. To check the water-repellent characteristics of the fabric samples, their performance was evaluated using drop test, spray test and contact angle measurement to obtain a comprehensive understanding performance. Drops on both surfaces of the cotton surface in Figure 3 and water rolls in Figure 4 form spheres (also shown in Supporting Information Video 1) on the cotton surface can demonstrate that a hydrophobic film on the surface has been created and it prevents water or moisture from penetrating through the surface. Hydrophobicity is related to the contact angle of the surface. This is the angle formed when a droplet rests on a solid (flat) surface and is surrounded by a gas. A better measurement of the contact angle with the water droplets was obtained 1320 shown in Figure 2 and the residence time of the water droplets on the cotton surface. was 120 minutes. This high contact angle indicates the weak interaction between water and the cotton surface exhibiting the conversion from a hydrophilic surface to a hydrophobic surface. On the other hand, octane, a liquid with low surface tension (?lv = 21.62 mN/m), spread rapidly on the coated fabric within 10 seconds, indicating superoleophilicity. This is because oil has a lower surface tension than water. Additionally, chloroform absorption was performed to examine the use of fabrics containing an organic solvent with higher densities than water. When the piece of hydrophobic textile was brought into contact with water to approach the chloroform, the chloroform droplet could be instantly sucked into the textile under water. Additionally, a shiny and transparent surface could be observed under the water droplet in Figure 3, which was a remark of trapped air and the establishment of a solid-liquid-air composite interface. All the results mentioned above indicate stable hydrophobicity on the cotton surface. Surface Morphology and Chemical Composition SEM images are a useful complement to contact angle in providing surface morphology on modified cotton samples. SEM imaging reveals that the hydrophobic behavior of the cotton substrate is a result of the rough hierarchical structure. Inspired by natural surfaces (e.g. lotus leaves, butterfly wings), different types of artificial surfaces have been designed and manufactured. The surface microstructure and composition of lotus leaves were studied by Neinhuis and colleagues. Nienhuis and colleagues studied micromorphological characteristics and showed that water repellency is based on surface roughness caused by different microstructures (trichomes, cuticular folds and wax crystals). . Water on surfaces.