Sialendoscopy is an emerging minimally invasive procedure used as a diagnostic and therapeutic aid in a number of non-neoplastic salivary gland pathologies such as sialolithiasis and other obstructive disorders. Sialendoscopy constitutes a superior diagnostic tool compared to other imaging modalities used for obstructive pathologies. The technique uses a small probe attached to a camera and placed into the salivary glands through the salivary ducts. The latest innovation in miniaturized endoscopic imaging tools has brought a revolutionary change in the field of sialendoscopy. Preserving the functionality of the gland while relieving obstruction is the major advantage of sialendoscopy. Currently, sialendoscopy is used for the treatment of sialolithiasis, dilatation of strictures and as a therapeutic aid for recurrent juvenile sialadenitis, radioactive iodine-induced sialadenitis and patients with recurrent sialadenitis due to autoimmune processes such as Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. This article presents a review of the literature on the history of sialendoscopy, instrumental techniques, and its importance as a diagnostic and therapeutic aid in salivary gland disorders. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why violent video games should not be banned”?Get the original essay Obstructive sialadenitis is the most common non-neoplastic salivary gland disorder and accounts for approximately half of benign salivary gland diseases. 1 Obstructive sialadenitis frequently affects the submandibular gland (80 to 90%), followed by the parotid (5 to 10%) and sublingual glands (less than 1%). 2 Sialolithiasis, stenosis, mucus plugs, polyps, foreign bodies, external compression or variations of anatomical ductal systems are the main etiological factors. (STRYCHOWSKY AMERICAN MED ASSOC 2012) Initial treatment for obstructive sialadenitis is generally conservative with hydration, stimulation of salivary flow, anti-inflammatory medications, and antibiotics when a bacterial infection is suspected. (CAARTA ACTA OTORHINOLOGY 2017) A surgical protocol (including a papillotomy and ablation of the glands) may be indicated in the event of recalcitrant lesions. 3 (STRYCHOWSKY AMERICAN MED ASSOC 2012) Although conservative treatment does not provide permanent cure, surgical management may be associated with potential nerve damage (marginal mandibular nerve, hypoglossal nerve, lingual nerve, and facial nerve), [1 ] a poor aesthetic result, gustatory sweating (auriculotemporal syndrome) and paresthesias. (DEENDAYAL OTOLARYNGOLOGY 2016) With the introduction of sialendoscopy, the management of salivary gland obstruction has undergone a revolutionary change. 5 (CAARTA ACTA OTORHINOLOGY 2017) 3 Sialendoscopy has become an ideal investigative and therapeutic tool for salivary gland pathologies over the last two decades. (PP SINGH IND J OTOLARYNG HEAD AND NECK 2015) Sialendoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure that incorporates a small caliber endoscope and facilitates direct examination of the salivary ductal system. (ATINEZA 2015 BRITISH ASSOC OF ORAL SURG) The anatomical description of the main ductal system of the salivary glands was first described as early as the end of the 17th century. In 1990, Königsberger et al. were the pioneers of salivary endoscopy and used a flexible 0.8 mm endoscope.1,2. This was followed by Katz, who performed sialendoscopy using a flexible endoscope and basket, and a wide array of instruments and).