Table of ContentsGenome:Human Genome Project:Why was this important?History of the Human Genome Project:Strategies used in the Human Genome Project:Yeast artificial chromosome:RFLP technology: Positional cloning: Expressed sequence tags (EST): Shotgun sequencing method: Microsatellites: Genetic mapping: Linkage: Ethical, legal and social implications of the human genome project: Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion Genome: A complete arrangement of DNA with each quality of life forms is called a genome. The genome contains all the data necessary for the maintenance of the creature. In humans, a copy of the entire genome (more than 3 billion DNA bases combined) is locked away in cells. The human genome includes 100,000 expected qualities; these are located on 23 sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent, including a sex chromosome match, and 22 sets of autosomal chromosomes. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay Human Genome Project: In order to decide the grouping of the genome and distinguish the qualities in it, a worldwide research effort was resolved, called as the Human Genome Adventure. Additionally, understanding the structure and association of qualities will factor into effective investigation of their typical capacity and control in a living being. Why was this important? The work of the Human Genome Project has allowed researchers to understand how a person is built. As researchers learn more about the functions of genes and proteins, this knowledge will have a major impact in the fields of medicine, biotechnology and life sciences. Human Genome History Project: In 1988, a committee organized by the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy developed an action plan for the Human Genome Project. In 1990, a five-year joint research proposal was submitted to Congress, and in October 1990, the Human Genome Project officially began. The project was organized and supported primarily by the DOE and NIH, which established working groups to address genome mapping, computational analysis to manage databases, and the social, legal, and ethical implications of the research on the human genome. In 1988, the Human Genome Organization (HUGO) was established, facilitating international scientific effort. The actual overlay of the Human Genome Project is enormous. Mapping and sequencing was initially expected to take 15 years and be completed in 2005 at an estimated cost of three billion dollars. However, recent reports indicate that progress has been faster than expected. Once mapping and sequencing is complete, it will take many years to completely identify all genes and determine the gene expression format. Goals of the Human Genome Project: The primary goal of the Human Genome Project is to generate detailed maps of the human genome. These maps will help determine the location of genes in the human genome; more precisely, it will assign genes to their chromosomes. Two types of maps are being developed: genetic linkage maps and physical maps. Genetic linkage maps determine the relative arrangement and approximate distances between genes and markers on chromosomes. Physical maps specify the physical location and distance between genes or DNA fragments. Once the mapping is complete, the DNA must be sequenced to determine the order of all the nucleotide bases on the chromosomes, andthe genes in the DNA sequence must be identified. In all aspects of the project, emphasis has been placed on developing instrumentation to increase the speed of data collection and analysis. Strategies Used in the Human Genome Project: There are a wide range of procedures that have been attempted to sequence and map the human genome. genome. Some were used less frequently due to time and accuracy issues. Once a guide has been solved, this data can be used to find the gene(s) causing the disease and then tune it. Yeast artificial chromosome: This is done by cloning large pieces of DNA into yeast. The overlapping segments are used to reconstitute the DNA. YAC technology led to the mapping of chromosomes 3, 11, 12, 21, 22 and Y. RFLP technology: RFLP technology, which locates variations, was one of the first used in mapping. In fact, it showed that mapping was possible. This technique was both expensive and slow. This technique is replaced by the polymerase chain reaction - PCR. PCR quickly clones existing DNA, resulting in a larger quantity of DNA. This now significant amount of DNA can be sequenced using a primer. Positional cloning: Positional cloning allows a gene to be characterized once its approximate location is known. This technique has helped identify genes for breast cancer, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs): Another method involves ESTs – expressed sequence tags – which are single-stranded DNA. These DNA segments act as decoys to identify the sequence of a gene. However, this procedure cannot identify all genes and ignores many others. Shotgun sequencing method: The shotgun method has been used for smaller genomes and can be applied to the human genome. This involves breaking DNA into thousands of pieces. These fragments are sequenced and the overlapping segments are matched to reveal the genome.Microsatellites: Microsatellites are commonly used in mapping. Microsatellites are areas of repetitive DNA. The advantages of microsatellites include abundance, variation, and the ability to be analyzed by PCR. Genetic mapping: it locates pairs of genes on chromosomes. Through genetic mapping, you can determine the genetic code that allows our bodies to develop. Linkage: It allows us to determine the regions of chromosomes likely to contain a risk gene. Linkage helps locate the distance between disease-causing genes. Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project: The Human Genome Project provides valuable information to increase our understanding of the genome, but it also has some limitations. The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) program was founded in 1990 as an integral part of the Human Genome Project. The mission of the ELSI program was to identify and resolve issues raised by genomic research that would affect individuals, families, and society. A percentage of the Human Genome Project budget of the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy was dedicated to ELSI research. The ELSI program focused on the possible consequences of genomic research in four main areas: Privacy and fairness in the use of genetic data. information, including the potential for genetic discrimination in employment and insurance. The integration of new genetic technologies, such as genetic testing, into the practice of medicine.