Table of contentsIntroductionBotryosphaeria diebackEsca ComplexEutypa diebackPetri diseaseControl measuresConclusionIntroductionNew Zealand is home to many trunk diseases that endanger the viticulture and industry New Zealand wine industry. Therefore, the analysis of these trunk diseases and their effects on grape cultivars is vital to the New Zealand wine industry. This review aims to address each of the trunk diseases in New Zealand in alphabetical order. The review will then focus on how these diseases can be controlled. The primary objective of this literature review is to understand New Zealand trunk diseases; then discuss management practices that can be implemented to control these trunk diseases and their spread. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay The trunk diseases currently prevalent in New Zealand are Botryopheria dieback, Eutypa dieback and Petri disease and are part of the esca complex. These diseases have been found to contribute to the low sugar and nutrient content of the berry fruit. These diseases can also cause the death of vines and young vines. Trunk diseases also affect the translocation of nutrients throughout the plant, which in turn affects the plant because it can no longer easily deliver nutrients to other points on the plant. Each disease listed in this document has different, disease-specific symptoms. Botryospheria and Eutypa dieback diseases, however, have very similar symptoms, so it can be very difficult to identify the difference between the two when a qualified person is monitoring a vineyard. New Zealand trunk diseases are the same organisms that exist overseas and they are the same organisms. which have been the cause of economic losses abroad. One case where this has happened is California, which since 2014 is losing 260 million people to Botryospheria dieback and Eutypa dieback each year. Trunk diseases caused further damage to overseas wine industries. For example, in France, trunk diseases cost a total of 1.14 billion euros. This demonstrates the significant economic losses caused by trunk diseases if they are not treated. New Zealand could face similar losses in the future if a better understanding of trunk diseases is not found. This document is therefore intended to be used as a tool to provide a better understanding of vineyard trunk diseases and the management practices used to control these diseases. The diseases described in this document have treatment options which will be discussed collectively at the end of the New Zealand trunk diseases discussion. This is mainly because two of the three diseases that pose a significant risk in New Zealand can be managed and controlled in the same way. The exception to this rule is young esca/young vine dieback which has different management procedures than Botryosperia dieback and Eutypa dieback. The young esca has control mechanisms that require the nursery to take responsibility for ensuring clean grafts and good hygiene of the vineyard, contributing to the spread of the disease and trying to prevent it from being infected by vines and newly planted vineyards. can affect the trunk of the vine. Botryosphaeria dieback canpenetrate through open wounds in the vine. This disease is usually spread by wind and splashing rain, making it a disease that spreads easily throughout the vineyard. Botryosphaeria has the ability to overwinter in the vine and remain on the vine until spring returns. This means that after winter, the disease will reappear in the following phenological year. Botryosphaeria dieback is known to delay bud break and cause weak shoots on the vine. An infected plant may also have cupped leaves when symptomatic. Botryosphaeria can also manifest as a lack of shoots during canopy development. In the worst case, a vine may fail to break dormancy in spring and summer because it is affected by Botryosphaeria dieback. Botryosphaeria dieback can cause dead necrosis in the xylem of a vine, causing canker sores and death of parts of the trunk. This process will eventually lead to the death of the vine and a suitable location for Botryosphaeria fruiting bodies to die back. Blockage of the xylem tissue in the vine prevents the translocation of nutrients into the vine, which will affect the leaves and fruits of the vine, affecting the natural degrees of solubility. Brix and yeast assimilable nitrogen content in the berry. For example, the soluble Brix degrees of non-diseased fruit were 22.3, while, as for diseased fruit, they were only 21.4 Brix degrees. Most symptoms of Botryosphaeria appear only after 8 years of spread, but such symptoms are still possible before this time. The optimal temperature for Botryosphaeria dieback infection is between 23 and 26 degrees Celsius. Esca Complex The Esca complex is a series of different organisms that make up Esca and Petri diseases. Esca disease does not currently exist in New Zealand. It should be noted, however, that parts of the complex have been observed in New Zealand. Although parts of the complex in New Zealand do not currently pose a risk, they could pose a risk in the future. This is why it is included in this list because it is something that cannot be ignored in the long run. Esca is a group of diseases that colonize the xylem tissue inside the vine, blocking xylem tissue and nutrient transport around the plant. The disease therefore causes the leaves to wilt. The disease also causes brown or purple spots on the leaves. Esca can survive during the winter because it can survive in trunk cracks. Esca is a disease that spreads in two types: asexual and sexual stages of the disease. Esca disease causes dark spots on berries that often appear between fruit set and ripening of vine phenological stages. The disease shrivels the berries and can cause them to dry out on the vine. Shoot apex dieback can occur on vines early in the season with this disease, causing shoot defoliation and eventually shoot dieback. When leaves are produced, leaf interveinal chlorosis persists throughout the canopy. Esca will eventually cause vine death if left untreated. Eutypa diebackEutypa dieback is a trunk disease that affects vines in the same way as Botryospheria dieback because it blocks the xylem and causes a wedge of dead black tissue to form inside the trunk. The disease grows and spreads easily in heavy rainfall, especially in areas where rainfall exceeds 600 mm per year. Eutypa dieback spreads through open woundsof the vine. The disease generally appears after the first 10 years of growth. This disease causes the health of the vine to decline slowly over time. Eutypa dieback and Botryosphaeria dieback are made from a mixture of different organisms such as Libertella blepharis for Eutypa dieback and Botryosphaeria Stevensii for Botryosphaeria dieback. Eutypa dieback can cause vine cankers as well as vine death. Any dead wood on the vine becomes an area from which fruiting bodies can be produced and spread. The disease is spread by splashing rain and accumulating water. Where cuts have been made on the vine, in an area prone to accumulation or accumulation of water, appropriate precautions should be taken to prevent infection by Eutypa.Petri DiseasePetri Disease is a disease of the trunk present in New Zealand. Called young vine dieback, it often results in stunted growth and death of young vines. During the first 5 to 6 years of growth, the disease can cause early defoliation, as well as leaf chlorosis. The disease is part of the Esca complex and usually originates from infected rootstocks. This disease can cause black spots on the tissues of the vine. Petri disease usually arises from infected rootstocks before grafting, the disease can restrict root growth. In addition to shoot growth, the vine is usually significantly affected. Petri disease is part of the Esca complex, but it does not represent Esca disease. Petri disease can slow root growth and the formation of black vascular streaks because the tissues inside the plant are affected by the disease. This disease usually enters the vine while the plant is in the nursery or being established in a vineyard due to damage to the rootstock causing infection. This disease kills the trunk of the vine.Control MeasuresBotryospheria and Eutypa DiebackPreventing vine damage is an essential part of managing Botryosphaeria and Eutypa dieback. Both of these diseases infect vines at wound sites; these wounds can be caused by anything, including mowing and pruning the vines. A good way to prevent Botryospheria and Eutypa dieback is to cover wounds with pruning paste. To prevent disease from entering the vine. If a vine is partially infected, cutting down the infected wood will stop the spread of the disease as pruning dressing is applied to any wounds related to this process on the vine should stop the spread of these diseases. . If the vine is completely infected, it must be removed as it cannot be salvaged. Control of Petri Disease Petri disease can be managed through proper practices taken in the nursery during grafting of vines. Ensuring that all propagating materials such as rootstocks are clean and healthy is a step in the right direction. These practices may be combined with waxing and dipping newly grafted vines in fungicide, as well as removing all dead wood and sterilizing pruning equipment and grafting equipment. Many of the processes involved in the grafted vine standard cover the control of vine diseases during grafting, in the vine health area of ​​the standard. Therefore, to be able to sell grafted vines in New Zealand you must ensure that proper sterilization and hygiene has been carried out on the scion and the.