Table of ContentsWhat do you see as the governance challenges in global health?Advantages of Foreign AidDisadvantages of Foreign AidResearch ProposalIntroductionBackgroundPurpose of the studyLiterature reviewMethodologyDesignParameterInclusion criteriaExclusion criteriaData collectionData analysisEthical considerationStudy challengesExpected resultWhat do you think What are the governance challenges in global health?I think globalization is the major challenge in global health . According to Dodgson et. al., (2002) globalization as a historical process characterized by changes in the nature of human interactions across a range of social spheres, including economic, political, technological, cultural and environmental. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why violent video games should not be banned”?Get the original essay Additionally, globalization has introduced or intensified cross-border health risks defined as risks to human health that transcend national borders in their origin or impact. These risks may include emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, various non-communicable diseases (e.g. lung cancer, obesity and hypertension) and environmental degradation (e.g. global climate change). Furthermore, globalization is characterized by an increase in the number and degree of influence of non-state actors in health governance. Many argue that the relative authority and capacity of national governments to protect and promote the health of national populations has diminished in the face of forces of globalization across national borders that affect fundamental determinants of health and erode national resources necessary to deal with their consequences. Finally, current forms of globalization seem problematic because they maintain, or even aggravate, existing socio-economic, political and environmental problems. For example, reports indicate that neoliberal forms of globalization have been accompanied by widening inequalities between rich and poor within and between countries. (Dodgson and WHO, 2002) What are the advantages and disadvantages of development assistance in international health? Use a country comparison to answer this question. Benefits of Foreign Aid Help us achieve the goals of the SDGs, which provide a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure peace and prosperity for all. Aid for Trade, in addition to standard official development assistance disbursement channels, Aid for Trade for LDCs is also provided through the Enhanced Integrated Framework. Most bilateral donors provide support in the form of grants. Aid-providing developing countries, such as the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait, increased their commitments in 2013 to $1.8 billion and $832 million, respectively. The majority of Aid for Trade since 2006 has gone to Asia and Africa, although there has been significant variation from year to year. In 2013, commitments to Africa stood at $19.3 billion, while flows to Asia reached $22.6 billion, or 41% of total Aid for Trade that year - there. It is humanitarian, the Ebola crisis has thus highlighted the urgent need for intensified international and national action to improve access to health care and medicines. Many countries have contributed materially to theemergency response to the Ebola epidemic. To eradicate the disease, most of the 5 million deaths each year from epidemics of major infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and viral hepatitis, occur in low-income and low-income countries. intermediate. At the same time, 80% of deaths from noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes, occurred in low- and middle-income countries in 2013. Lack of access to essential medicines is one of the factors contributing to these deaths, many of which could have been avoided. The recent Ebola crisis in West Africa only highlights the need to collectively solve problems not only of access but also of innovation. (Force, 2015) The disadvantages of foreign aid Certain behaviors, such as that the use of parallel structures and the allocation of resources within a common fund have sometimes undermined ownership. These funds have only been marginally able to innovate and leverage the resources and knowledge of providers outside the DAC. Foreign aid encourages favoritism, while many other countries remain underaided. In a 2014 survey, the OECD identified seven countries that were under-aided in 2012, taking into account the ODA received from DAC donors. These are Gambia, Guinea, Madagascar, Nepal, Niger, Togo and Sierra Leone. Bilateral ODA allocations are based on the priorities of donor countries, often influenced by historical ties with recipient countries, as well as political considerations. Providing financial aid in the form of loans only worsens the debt and poverty of these poor countries, a group of heavily indebted poor countries. HIPCs also remain vulnerable to natural and man-made shocks. The Ebola outbreak has placed significant pressure on already fragile infrastructure and health systems in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), recognizing the urgency of the situation, created a Disaster Containment and Emergency Assistance Trust Fund to provide grants to alleviate the debt of the poorest countries and the most vulnerable affected by catastrophic natural disasters or public health disasters, including epidemics. The new trust fund is intended to complement donor financing and concessional loans from the IMF. The new instrument was used to provide debt relief to the three West African countries hardest hit by the Ebola epidemic (Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone). (Force, 2015) In your opinion, what are the three main challenges in managing (including prevention and risk reduction) PHEICs today? Use EBOLA as a reference. Challenges observed included the wide geographic dispersion of cases in Guinea and Liberia, as well as cases in the capital, Conakry. Population movements along the porous border interfered with control measures, particularly during the 21-day incubation period. Second, community resistance combined with inadequate treatment facilities and insufficient human resources as a major barrier to control. The importance of community engagement was recognized. Without community engagement and cooperation, technical interventions were doomed to failure. Third, strengthen primary health care and essential capacities to detect and respond to health emergencies. (WHO, 2015)Research proposalNotification of tuberculosis in Qatar, 2011-2015: exploring the completeness and timeliness of data provided byhealthcare providers.IntroductionBackgroundTuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease and a major public health problem worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, 9.6 million people developed tuberculosis in 2014 and 1.5 million died from it worldwide. (WHO, 2015) Tuberculosis is a notifiable disease in Qatar. Any suspected or confirmed case of tuberculosis must be notified to the Ministry of Public Health to begin investigation and control measures. Timely and complete reporting of TB to public health authorities is one of the essential elements of TB control. This is done in order to detect any cases or outbreaks and prevent further transmission; and monitor the treatment completion rate and cure rate of TB. (WHO, 1998 p.9). Tuberculosis is one of 67 notifiable communicable diseases in Qatar. There are two types of communicable disease notifications in Qatar. Category one: the incidence is to notify immediately by telephone, fax or e-mail (within 24 hours) and category two is to notify as soon as possible (at least 72 hours). TB belongs to the category of those who are notified immediately by telephone, fax or e-mail within 24 hours.hours of identification. So far, there has been only one study in Qatar (Garcell et al. 2014) that assessed the quality of data reporting for all communicable diseases. No specific study has explored TB-specific reporting in terms of timeliness and completeness and there are no qualitative studies that have explored the reasons for poor reporting of TB notification data in Qatar. Research questions: What is the quality of TB reporting in terms of completeness and timeliness provided by a healthcare provider to the Ministry of Public Health of Qatar for 2011-2015? And what are the reasons for poor reporting? Objective of the studyTo explore the completeness and timeliness of data on TB notifications by healthcare providers at the Qatar Ministry of Public Health between 2011 and 2015 .Explore the reasons for poor reporting quality. TB reporting dataTo make recommendations on improving the quality of TB data provided by healthcare providers.Literature reviewIn the Global Tuberculosis (TB) 2015 report, out of 9.6 million incident cases of tuberculosis worldwide in 2014, 1.5 million died from the disease. Compared to other infectious diseases, tuberculosis has been identified as increasing worldwide. Likewise, according to the WHO (2015), “despite progress and despite the fact that almost all cases are curable, tuberculosis remains one of the greatest global threats.” In Qatar, although tuberculosis is not the main problem but a high number of migrant workers with high prevalence of tuberculosis contribute to it. The total number of cases in 2013 is 465; 97.9% of expats were mainly young men and 2.1% were locals. Of this total, 33.4% are Nepalese, 21.1% Indian, 16.6% Filipino and other nationals 23.2%. (CHS, 2014). Surveillance is one of the five essential components of the World Health Organization's (WHO) initial framework for effective tuberculosis control (the DOTS strategy). Furthermore, WHO defines public health surveillance as “the continuous and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data necessary for planning, implementation and evaluation of public health practices. Data qualityon reported cases is essential, therefore it is important to report them accurately and completely in a timely manner to begin epidemiological assessment and implement control measures as early as possible (WHO, 2006). The incomplete nature and late reporting of notifiable infectious diseases have been demonstrated previously. Several studies have observed late and incomplete reporting of infectious diseases (Doyle et al., 2002; Fahey, 2011; Jajosky & Groseclose, 2004; Lo et. al., 2011; Yoo et al., 2009). In Ireland, although reporting of infectious diseases is mandatory, Nicolay et. al. (2010) point out that reporting is incomplete and timely. Additionally, some states impose penalties on individuals who fail to report as required by law (CDC, n.d.). However, according to WHO (2012), reporting of TB is not mandatory in all countries, despite the importance of TB to public health. Although TB ​​reporting is required by law in some states, enforcement is weak. Methodology Design This study will be a quantitative study followed by a qualitative study among health workers. Firstly, we will explore the quality of the TB notification form in terms of timeliness and completeness provided by healthcare providers from different hospitals and clinics in Qatar from 2011 to 2015 using secondary data available from the Ministry of Public Health (MoPH). Second, target health workers in health facilities or institutions that have a high percentage of incomplete and late notifications using one-on-one interviews, explore the reasons for poor reporting of TB notification data. And make recommendations on improving the quality of TB data provided by healthcare providers. Parameters Data should be extracted from TB notification surveillance records held by the Qatar Ministry of Health and provided by Hamad Medical.Corporation (HMC), Primary Health Center Corporation (PHCC), private hospitals and clinics from January 1, 2011 as of December 31, 2015. Inclusion criteriaAll suspected or confirmed cases of tuberculosis, residents of Qatar, any national seen by the doctor of public or private hospitals or clinics. Exclusion criteriaExpatriate visitors, non-residents of Qatar and already examined by the medical board with an indeterminate tuberculosis result. Data collection Data will be extracted from the tuberculosis notification form itself transmitted by the consulting physician upon diagnosis of a tuberculosis case. A random sample will be selected for data extraction for this study. The sample of forms will consist of 30% of all forms received by the MoPH: 30% in 2011, 30% in 2012, 30% in 2013, 30% in 2014 and 30% in 2015. Each year, the MoPH is informed of 87% of tuberculosis cases. Therefore, it is estimated that data will be extracted 30% from 487 forms. Demographic data such as ID, gender, age, marital status, nationality, occupation, workplace, contact number, travel history, vaccination status, date of appearance. of the disease, the date of notification, the reference intuitions and the laboratory tests carried out at the time of diagnosis will be extracted from the tuberculosis notification form received during the period from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2015 received by the surveillance section of the Communicable Disease Control (CDC) of the Ministry of Health. The 4 highest percentages of incomplete and late notifications in different hospitals and clinics will lead to.