Sepsis Occurs in InfantsSay ​​no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why violent video games should not be banned”? Get the original essay Sepsis is one of the most important infections responsible for the 1.6 million deaths caused by neonatal infections each year in developing countries. Bacterial bloodstream infection (BSI) can be classified based on the time of disease onset: early onset (EOS) which occurs within the first 3 days of life, and late onset (LOS) where infection tends to appear any time between the first day of life and bacterial infection. week and first month of life, depending on whether the child was born at term or prematurely. With EOS, acquisition of the microorganisms occurs as a result of transplacental infection or colonization of the mother's genitourinary (GU) tract, thereby resulting in vertical transmission of bacterial pathogens from the mother to the mother. infant before or during delivery. The most common microorganisms associated with EOS are Group B Streptococcus (GBS), Escherichia coli (E. coli) – which is the second leading cause of EOS, accounting for 24% of all cases, including 81%. occur in premature infants – such as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) and Haemophilus influenzae. These organisms typically colonize the maternal GU tract, leading to contamination of the amniotic fluid, placenta, cervix, or vaginal canal. Contamination of amniotic fluid can occur before or during labor, meaning the infant can contract the pathogen in utero or intrapartum. In late-onset sepsis, pathogens are acquired after birth, normally from nosocomial or community sources. It is debated when the period of late sepsis begins, but in general, infection is considered late when it occurs after 6 days of life. With LOS, 70% of infections were associated with Gram-positive organisms; Coagulase-negative staphylococci accounted for 48% of cases and Gram-negative bacteria (such as E. coli) accounted for 18%. Invasive microorganisms from the environment can colonize the skin, respiratory tract, conjunctiva, gastrointestinal tract, and umbilicus of the infant, and can be acquired vertically or horizontally. The pathogens E. coli and Staph are both important bacterial agents of sepsis; however, E. coli is a more important cause of EOS, while CoNS is a major cause of LOS. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is responsible for a substantial proportion of infant mortality and is one of the most diverse bacteria. species. Complex antigenic structure as well as certain virulence factors have played an important role in neonatal sepsis – the best described virulence factor is the K1 capsular antigen, present in some strains and closely linked to neonatal meningitis. This polysialic acid impairs opsonophagocytic destruction, meaning that individuals infected with K1 antigenic strains have increased morbidity and mortality compared to those infected with other strains. Disease severity is associated with the amount and persistence of K1 antigen in cerebrospinal fluid..