The decisive factor for the future of corporal punishment can be seen in the case of Ingraham v. Wright of the Supreme Court. In 1970, James Ingraham, an eighth-grader at Drew Junior High School, was one of many recipients of corporal punishment doled out by Willie Wright, the high school principal. The justification for Ingraham's punishment was that he was slow to respond to his teacher's instructions. As a result, his teacher sent him to the main office where he bent over the table and received twenty strokes with the paddle. According to Ingraham's doctor, the paddling was so intense that he had to miss weeks of school because of a bruise on his buttocks. Defined by Merriam-Webster, a hematoma is clotted blood that forms in tissue through broken blood vessels. Subsequently, a ninth grade student at the same school, Roosevelt Andrews, also suffered blatant attacks for minor offenses. Principal Wright twice punished Andrews for anticipating a late arrival to a class he was traveling to. In the first attack, Andrews was hit with a wooden paddle on the buttocks and arm. These beatings deprived him of all access to his injured arm for weeks. However, the second punishment, more cruel due to negligence and lack of official supervision, Andrews was beaten from neck to legs. According to Newell (1972), referring to the Children's Petition of 1669, teachers and administrators have taken on a function that they are not equipped to manage; evidence of mismanagement can be seen in corporal punishment. The Florida Association of School Psychologists says Florida state law says corporal punishment is allowed by teachers, but if students are harmed by serious beatings, sue school officials for recover...... middle of paper ...... Arkansas, the majority of children physically punished are minorities. With the exception of Texas, where there is a large Hispanic population with higher numbers than any other state, African American students are showing increasingly higher numbers of paddlers. Those states that favor corporal punishment have granted leniency to districts that do not agree with this form of discipline. According to Durrant and Smith (2011), states give parents the opportunity to choose whether or not to allow their children to submit to corporal punishment. Although the 1980s and 1990s saw a decline in the number of states supporting corporal punishment, only five states have banned it since then: Rhode Island in 220, Delaware in 2003, Pennsylvania in 2005, Ohio in 2009 and New Mexico in 2011. Donnelly and Straus (2005) suggest that the majority of remaining states are in the southern and southwest regions of the country..