Table of contentsMain findingsSignificance and further future studiesConclusionIn 2017, the World Health Organization compiled a list of “priority pathogens”, this list included 12 antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Acinetobacter baumannii was selected as a “priority pathogen for antibiotic research and development”. » A. baumannii infects patients in intensive care units, demonstrates multidrug resistance and can survive "desiccation, nutrient starvation and high concentrations of antimicrobials." "The scientists carried out the study to "illustrate how human products, particularly HSA, may play an important role in the survival and persistence of A. baumannii. “Acinetobacter baumannii has the ability not only to survive extreme conditions, but also to perform gene transfer, or “acquire genetic material.” “Due to these characteristics, A. baumannii has become an important bacteria, causing nosocomial infections. This observation led Quinn et al. (2018) to “perform transcriptomic analysis of strain A118 under HSA induction to identify genes modified by HSA. » Their results showed “statistically significant differential expression of 296 protein-coding genes, including those associated with motility, biofilm formation, metabolism, efflux pumps, capsule synthesis and transcriptional regulation. The team used phenotypic analysis for all of these traits and found "increased surface-associated motility, decreased biofilm formation, reduced activity of an enzyme associated with the acid cycle citric acid and increased survival associated with zinc availability. » They also found alterations in genes known to be part of the bacteria's resistance and pathogenicity to antibiotics. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay Main results RNA-Seq technology was used to find genes altered under HSA conditions. The analysis showed a significant alteration in the expression of 296 coding genes. It was found that 23 genes showed upregulation and 273 genes showed downregulation. There was a change in the expression of genes involved in motility and persistence. Transcriptomic analysis showed 4 genes (pilQ, yebC, h-ns, exbD), involved in motility, demonstrating altered expression under HSA treatment. Motility tests were performed to determine the effect of HSA on “surface-associated motility.” “Cells cultured in the presence of HSA showed an average increase of 7.28 mm in motility diameter, compared to cells cultured in control medium. PilQ was confirmed to exhibit statistically significant upregulation by 1PCR analysis, under HSA induction. Quinn et al. (2018) examined “other genes of type IV pilus biogenesis and functions,” they found that “22 genes were also upregulated and only two genes were downregulated under HSA induction.” “Yeb-C and h-ns, transcriptional regulators that may play a role in motility under HSA induction, were found to have altered expression under HSA treatment. NCBI BLAST and gene ontology analysis were used to identify yebC as "a putative transcriptional regulator that likely has cell-specific DNA binding activity."sequence ". “YebC, as well as the quorum quenching gene aidA, were notably downregulated upon SAH induction. The global transcriptional repressor h-ns was also found to be downregulated. H-ns was observed to be part of the regulation of gene expression of different virulence traits. Exb-D is thought to possibly play a role in type IV pilus assembly and twitch motility. The gene “was found to be statistically significant and differentially expressed. “A negative regulation of exb-D was found. Two genes linked to biofilm formation have been identified, fimA and ompA. Both were statistically differentially expressed, under HSA induction. With cells cultured in the presence of HSA, a 1.4-fold decrease in biofilm formation was observed. The K locus, associated with the synthesis of the capsule of A. baumannii, was upregulated in the presence of HSA. Global transcriptional regulators play a role in the expression of virulence characteristics, therefore plasma survival assays were used "in the presence of 25 nM and 25 uM zinc, respectively, to quantify the potential delay in clearance immune. Supplementation of plasma samples with 25 nM zinc resulted in a 2.01-fold increase in survival at 90 minutes and a 2.10-fold increase in survival at 120 minutes. "Bacterial hydrolases that use zinc as a cofactor have been shown to play an important role in pathogenesis, encoding different metalloproteases and beta-lactamases that respond to various survival-threatening conditions, including: the presence of beta-lactams, host barriers, neutrophil secretion, cytokine/interleukin signaling, immunoglobulin action and other immunological responses to pathogen invasion” In this study, the multiple mechanisms of beta-resistance. Lactams from A. baumannii were "differentially expressed in the presence of HSA", upregulation was observed. The outer membrane protein CarO showed significant downregulation and according to the study authors, it is known that ". loss of CarO is A. baumannii 4 linked to carbapenem resistance “When it was determined that CarO was downregulated and two beta-lactamases in the A118 genome were upregulated, sensitivity testing was performed. The only notable change was a slight decrease in the “IMP inhibition halo.” "All of this led to the conclusion that 'HSA may play a role in the expression of genes related to beta-lactam resistance.'" HSA was also found to have the ability to influence gene expression related to metabolism Transcriptome analysis revealed 61 statistically significant and differentially expressed genes under HSA treatment, involved in metabolism and nutrient acquisition. Of these 61 genes, only 6 were found to be upregulated. 55 others are all downregulated. Mdh and dctA are two of these downregulated genes and are known to have direct links to "central metabolism". when necessary, so no reduced growth pattern was observed Metal ions are essential for the survival of A. baumannii evolved a mechanism to “sequester and absorb iron more efficiently. and zinc” in response to the host's ability to deplete these ions to limit pathogens. Ferric acid regulator (FUR) was downregulated under HSA induction. In summary, different relevant phenotypes associated with pathoadaptability and pathogenesis of.