NAME(S): NICOLAS DURANCLASSE: Bio 301, section 1700 DATE AND DUE TIME: April 17, 2014 and 3:00 p.m. TITLE: Examination of urine and search for normal or abnormal constituents in the urine help of chemical substances OBJECTIVES:The objective of this laboratory is to determine the presence of normal and abnormal constituents in urine, as well as to examine the pH, density and chemical constituents. HYPOTHESIS: If the pH of urine is tested to be 7, then the pH will be in a normal chemical reaction. If normal and abnormal constituents are present, a white precipitate will form. If glucose is present in the urine, when Bénédicte's solution is added to the urine, the color will become greenish or red-brown. Urine is a clear, yellowish fluid produced by the kidney to remove waste from the bloodstream. Urine can also be used to determine the presence of certain diseases. The normal color of human urine generally ranges from light yellow to dark yellow; depend on the concentration of urochrome which is the urinary pigment (1). Urine eliminates toxic substances such as alcohol, drugs and those produced by metabolism. It also controls acid and base levels as well as blood pressure through water regulation. pH is important in urine because it indicates acidity or alkalinity. The normal pH of urine is 6.0 and foods and diseases can affect it. Normal urine contains approximately water (90-95%), of which 5% dissolves organic and inorganic wastes such as urea and sodium chloride (2). Normal urine specific gravity can range from 1.010 to 1.025, which can vary depending on fluid intake (2). If abnormal urine constituents are detected in normal urine, then the presence of theses proves that the liver is capable of properly detoxifying sulfate. The last inorganic constituent tested was calcium, by adding equal amounts of urine and Sulkowitch's reagent. A large amount of white precipitate was formed due to the subject's food consumption, which may be due to milk being consumed daily. Finally, the last test looked at the abnormal constituents of the urine. When testing for glucose, the results were negative because the reagent was not reduced, meaning it did not turn greenish or red-brown. The presence of glucose indicates diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder caused by the use of defective carbohydrates. Then, when testing albumin and globulin, the results showed that a large amount of protein was present, meaning the subject had an abnormal leak or severe damage to the glomerular membrane, or both...