For example, the physiologist William B. Carpenter suggested that the strength of the will depends on the "constancy with which it is exercised" (375). He believed that repeated voluntary behaviors would become a habit over time. In other words, a criminal repeatedly giving in to his impulses might eventually be unable to stop it, but he would still be responsible for his behavior in the first place. Jurists have emphasized the importance of self-control, and while self-control can be strengthened or weakened by different life circumstances, it is ultimately up to each individual to control their desires. Robert Louis Stevenson, Ganz points out, would have been well aware of the debate between jurists and alienists at the time. He studied law at the University of Edinburgh in 1871, during which time he became very interested in criminal justice. He owned more than twenty-eight volumes of trial reports, as well as several books on crime. His essays and reviews of the 1870s and 1880s were published in journals featuring articles by Maudsley and Carpenter. Stevenson's experience in law and his knowledge of controversy underpin Ganz's argument: Stevenson uses the strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde to align his views with those of legal scholars and suggest that broadening the definition of madness would “blur the distinctions between liberty and freedom.” and constraint, deviance and disease”