Table of contentsIntroductionThe water problem in EgyptEffects of plants due to the water problem in EgyptThe biochemical and molecular response to droughtSummaryReferencesIntroductionStress is a factor external affecting plant growth. There are types of stress. Biotic stress, abiotic stress. Bacteria, fungi, insects, weeds, nematodes and peanuts due to biotic stress. Salinity, drought, cold, high temperatures due to abiotic stress. We will talk about the drought in Egypt as an example of stress. So, because of the drought in Egypt, there is the water problem in Egypt. Also, the effect of stress on plant productivity in addition to plant development. Say no to plagiarism. Get a Custom Essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”?Get the original essayAssuming continued population growth and taking into account land reclamation projects in the desert and the fact that more than 50% of the cereals consumed are already imported, Egypt cannot meet its food demand by relying on Nile water for irrigation. In other words, Egypt already uses most of the Nile's flow and plans to use even more. According to the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, the national water budget is in deficit. Egypt is therefore facing a big problem of drought which affects plants. So there are plant responses to cope with drought. The plant has biochemical, molecular, physiological and morphological responses. Morphological responses such as small plant size and leaf surface area. Physiological response such as closure of stomata, reduction in photosynthetic activity. Biochemical responses such as a reduction in the effectiveness of photochemicals, reduced antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) which are a very molecular enzyme important answers, some effects of genes on drought stress therefore produce different types of proteins related to drought stress, late embryo abundance (LEB) proteins, ABA gene expression, production. of RAB proteins. Stress exerts negative impacts on many crops during germination to cause certain chemicals or proteins to play a defense role against drought stress or even to increase their antioxidant role. catalyzed by enzymes, to cleanse the plant system of toxicity, such as the antioxidant carotenoid glutathione ascorbate superoxide known as SOD, transpiration of genes was known to decrease significantly under water stress; heat could then be slowly lost through the leaves and the temperature of the leaves could increase. Plant growth is negatively affected by molecular alterations under stress. Drought stress induces transcription of many genes, but gene transcription in response to the two stresses is quite different. Dreb1 transcript also called CBFSOR, c-box binding factors and DREB2 families were affected to defend against cold and drought stress. This is how plants defend themselves in the event of drought stress. The water problem in Egypt Water shortage is a problem in Egypt. the rate of water presence per person is already the lowest in the world. this is suggested for further drops. a major challenge is to quickly close the high gap between the limited quantity of water and the growing needs of various sectorseconomic. The Nile is the main source of water in Egypt with a share of over 95%. the Lake Nasser storage reservoir provides 56 billion m3 hereinafter referred to as Gm3 per year. the question of Egypt's share of the Nile waters is the subject of difficult negotiations. In April 2011, Ethiopia started construction of the 4th Grand Ethiopian GERD Dam to model water quality. With a water storage capacity of 63 Gm3 and an energy production capacity of 6,000 MW, the GERD is expected to become the largest hydroelectric plant and one of the water reservoirs on the continent. Egyptian experts give indications of a water reduction of 20 to 34% when the filling period exceeds the drought period. this will be 11 to 19 billion cubic meters on average during the period of filling of the dams. Effects of plants due to Egypt's water problem Egyptian scientists are warning of increased water poverty in Egypt following the Ethiopian Renaissance Dam which is about to become operational. Egypt is reducing the cultivation of water-intensive crops like rice. By refusing the cultivation of certain crops, we risk a significant loss of large agricultural lands, which will have a very negative effect on the soil salinity of certain agricultural lands, which will be disastrous for the agricultural sector. Analysis of variance showed significant and highly significant effects for irrigation. treatments on grain yield during the 1st and 2nd season respectively. As shown by the cereal yield, it decreased considerably, from 5.88 to 3.73 tonnes/ha, on average over the two seasons, with a reduction in the number of irrigations from seven to two irrigations/season. These results could be mainly attributed to a decrease in ears per unit area and grains per ear, which was also attributed to a reduction in the number of effective tillers. Our results are in agreement with these soil properties. The biochemical and molecular response to drought Rice is a very important food crop and it requires a large amount of water to grow. Rice plays a fundamental role as a staple food that feeds more than three billion people. Rice plays an important role in Egypt. Identifying rice genotypes and genetic lines with high levels of drought tolerance, for use as models of inbreeding and gene discovery, pose challenges for rice research. Drought is the most important stress that affects plant growth. It is also a challenge for agricultural researchers and plant breeders. Water stress causes many threats to rice and affects the morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of rice crops and their productivity. Biochemical traits that are affected by drought stress in rice. Are we going to talk about the increase and decrease of certain chemicals and enzymes? Enzyme with antioxidant characteristics observed in high concentration in drought stress to overcome the toxicity caused by this stress. A drought-induced decrease in relative water content in leaves, which changes within the plant and observes chlorophyll synthesis but is not greatly reduced due to drought stress. Membrane stability index which is the drought tolerance genotype. The percentage of proline increases in the leaf more than an amino acid due to the decrease in water which acts as an osmolyte in case of water shortage and also as a metal chelator and antioxidant defense molecule. Proline can be usedas a screening marker to ensure rice is tolerant. Peroxidase activity is also increased in the absence of water. Catalase activity has a remarkable increase during water lace. Thus, plants with a significant level of antioxidant system and substrate have drought stress tolerance. Plants must sometimes be exposed to drought stress due to lack of water and plants must have a response to this stress to keep the plants alive or tolerant. this situation. From these responses, the molecular response in the next few lines will talk about the genes expressed in the presence of a lack of water stress. SNAC1, the PoPW gene that enhances overexpression of this gene, improved the relative transcription level of drought-causing genes like NtAPX, NtCAT1, NtGST, and Ntcuzn-SOD. The LEA gene also plays a role in the plant by increasing tolerance to water deficit stress through a decrease in photosynthetic activity and by increasing the activation of the antioxidant system. Environmental diversity and drought pose a major threat to larger crops. Drought stress is one of the consequences of environmental diversity that harms crop growth and yield. Extremely important to improve essential crops to meet the challenges of drought stress which defines crop fertility and production. Wheat is one of the many popular and universally used crops due to its economic and social benefits. Many countries rely on this wheat crop for food and feed, but this crop is not protected against drought stress. Improving drought stress tolerance is an extremely difficult task for wheat. The wheat genotype exhibits a high degree of drought tolerance and choice with its progeny. Furthermore, the distinction of genes participating in drought tolerance is very valuable. Drought stress can be simply described as a lack of water that induces tense, biochemical and molecular changes. All these differences decrease plant growth and agricultural product. Wheat Is an important grain crop and a large part of the human population in many parts of the world considers it a source of food and animals? Wheat is a very important crop. From the biochemical response to drought stress, certain chemicals or enzymes including and we will talk about them in the next few lines. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be singlet oxygen, superoxide radicals (O2), (H2O2), and (OH) caused oxidative damage to plants. The presence of ROS causes an alteration of cellular water. ROS production is linear with the severity of water stress which triggered membrane peroxidation as a defense against stress. Generation of antioxidant enzymes as defense against water stress such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in response to water stress are a well-known adaptive mechanism in wheat. Acclimatization of plants to water deficit classified into three classes: drought escape, dehydration avoidance, dehydration tolerance or their combination. Osmolyte accumulation is one of the drought tolerance mechanisms that allows cells to control their dehydration and membrane structural integrity during drought stress to provide tolerance to drought and cellular dehydration. The osmotic organization of exposed plantsto drought may correspond to the storage of low molecular weight organic solutes. The wheat plant reserves several inorganic and organic solutes in its cytosol to reduce its osmotic potential for maintaining cellular turgor. From these hormones, the generation of abscisic acid (ABA) may affect drought acclimation by avoiding dehydration and tolerating dehydration as protection against drought stress. . Abscisic acid (ABA) is the most important hormone required to control tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, cold, heat, and injury. (ABA) has long been recognized as a major chemical sign of root-to-shoot stress, inducing inhibition of leaf growth and short-term responses such as stomata closure. ABA is involved in controlling systemic responses to abiotic stress before there are detectable changes in leaf water. Water content, relative water content, succulence index, water loss rate, increased leaf water recognition and additional transpiration rate are some essential characteristics. that affect the relationships between plants and water. Relative water content (RWC) is a type of plant water status, corresponding to the metabolic project in tissues. And used as a common essential index of tolerance to dehydration. A reduction in RWC in response to drought stress has been observed in a wide diversity of plants. Water shortage is a significant environmental stress that drives the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Adhesion to ROS generation causes molecular responses, which are fundamental agents in managing the level of plant tolerance to stresses, including drought. This research aimed to define the expression levels of genes encoding MAPKs (MAPK3 and MAPK6), antioxidant enzymes (CAT, APX and GPX) and enzymes necessary for proline biosynthesis (P5CS and P5CR) in seedlings. of Triticum aestivum L. in response to short-term drought circumstances. A group of wheat intervarietal replacement lines (ISCSL) obtained by replacing single chromosomes of a drought-sensitive cultivar with the genetic background of a drought-tolerant cultivar was applied. This original element allowed the chromosomal localization of the genetic elements included in the response to the stress agent analyzed (drought). The findings showed that the original response of plants to drought stress notably resulted in variations in the expression of MAPK6 and CAT as well as the P5CS and P5CR genes. Our results explain that chromosome replacement has the greatest influence on the expression level of all experienced genes, meaning that they include genetic factors that play an important role in managing shortage tolerance. water in the wheat genome. MAPK (MAPK3 and MAPK6) genes: most ISCSLs noted an accession to the MAPK6 transcription level after 6 hours. Yet, complex expression patterns have been recognized through stress drugs across different lineages. Rapid initiation of MAPK6 already occurred after 1 h in the drought-tolerant cultivar. A vital increase in MAPK6 transcript levels was seen for these lines after 3 hours of exposure to 10% PEG. However, the expression of MAPK3 decreased after 1 hour of PEG drug. Downregulation of MAPK3 was observed at the following time points (after 3 and 6 hours). A significant induction of MAPK3 was recognized in the first hours of stress in drought-tolerant cultivars, followed by a reduction,