Table of contentsIntroductionApplications of elements of block P in daily life: elements of group III: elements of group IV: elements of group V: elements of group VI: elements of group VII: Group VIII Elements: Conclusion: Introduction The p block of the periodic table consists of groups 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18. The elements of the p block have their outermost electrons in the p orbital of their shells , they are therefore called p-block elements. The p block consists of solids and gases, as well as metalloids and non-metals. The p-block elements do not follow any specific trend in their appearance. Some are commonly found in combination with other elements, for example oxygen and sulfur; while others are found free, for example noble gases. Some elements are abundant in nature while others are rare. Aluminum, silicon, oxygen are abundant while heavier elements are rare. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay General trends for p-block elements: atomic size decreases over time and increases across the group, first ionization enthalpy of p-block Elements generally decrease across the group and increase as they move from left to right along a period, however, there are some exceptions, for example, the first ionization enthalpy of a group 16 element is lower than that of a group 15 element. Electron affinity generally becomes more negative moving from left to right over a period, as it becomes easier for the atom to gain electrons due to increased nuclear attraction, and becomes less negative in the group as It becomes more difficult for an atom to gain electrons. Electronegativity increases over the period and decreases across the group. Fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen are the most electronegative elements on the periodic table in the order given. Over the period, metallic character decreases, while nonmetallic character increases, and moving down the group, metallic character increases, while nonmetallic character increases. character, decreases. Among the p elements, there are elements that can be both cations and anions (A1, Ca, Ti, Se, Pb, PB, Sb, Bi) or only anions (В, С, Si, N, Р, Аs, О, Те , Р, СІ, Вг, І, Аt). Applications of P Block Elements in Daily Life: Group III Elements: Group three elements are those elements that contain three electrons in the outermost shell. These elements include B, Al, Ga, In, Th. These compounds are very useful in daily life and can be used for many different purposes, such as construction, electronics and the production of other materials. Applications of some important elements are discussed below. Boron: The atomic number of boron is 5 and its mass number is 10.811. The melting point of boron is very high, 2,200 °C (4,000 °F). Boron is a useful material and can be used in rocket fuel igniters and in pyrotechnic rockets. The most important boron compounds are boric (or boracic) acid, borax (sodium borate) and boric oxide. These can be found in eye drops, mild antiseptics, laundry detergents and tile polishes. Borax was once used to make bleach and as a food preservative. Boric oxide is also used in making strong Pyrex glass, and fiberglass textiles and insulation are made from borosilicate glass. Sodium octoborate isa flame retardant and B-10 is used in nuclear reactors because it is a good neutron absorber. Aluminum: Aluminum is an important element found in abundance on earth. It has an atomic number of 13, an atomic weight of 26.9815, and a melting point of 660 °C (1,220 °F). It is used in various areas of life such as architecture, electronics and transportation. Because aluminum is strong, it is suitable for architectural work, it conducts electricity so can be used for wiring, and because it is lightweight, vehicles made from it are easier to maneuver and more fuel efficient. Gallium: The atomic number of gallium is 31 and its relative atomic mass is 69.723. The melting point of gallium is 29.7646°C. Gallium arsenide has a similar structure to silicon and is therefore a useful substitute for silicon for the electronics industry. It is an important component of many semiconductors and is used in red LEDs (light-emitting diodes) because of its ability to convert electricity into light. The Mars Exploration Rover's solar panels also contained gallium arsenide. It is also used in semiconductors, LEDs and to record temperatures that would vaporize a thermometer. Group IV Elements: Group IV elements of the periodic table contain four electrons in their outermost shell. These are perhaps some of the most common and important elements on the periodic table. These elements include carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead. Some of these elements occupy an extremely important place in human civilization and always have done so. Carbon: The atomic number of carbon is 6 and its atomic weight is 12. Carbon has a melting point of 3550 oC. Three common crystal allotropes are graphite, diamond, and (usually) fullerenes. Carbon (in the form of coal is used as a fuel. Graphite is used for pencil tips, high temperature crucibles, dry cells, electrodes and as a lubricant. Diamonds are used in jewelry and industry for cutting, drilling, grinding and polishing Carbon black is used as a black pigment in printing ink The radioactive isotope 14C is used in archaeological dating Silicon: The atomic number of silicon is. of 14 and its relative atomic mass is 28.085 and ferrosilicon These are used to make dynamo and transformer plates, engine cylinder heads and machine tools and to deoxidize steel. Silicone is a lubricant and is added to some cosmetics and hair conditioners in bathrooms and around windows, pipes and roofs. It is also used as a semiconductor in solid-state devices. Silicon carbides are important as abrasives and are also used in laser. Tin: The atomic number of tin is 50 and its atomic weight is 118.69. . The melting point is 231.97°C and it is used for many purposes such as tin plating, production of glass plates, alloys such as tin, bell metal, bronze, opacity of ceramic bodies, as an abrasive, to weigh down fabrics and in toothpastes. Organic tin compounds act as stabilizers in some plastics and as wood preservatives. Elemental tin is non-toxic, but organic tin compounds used as fungicides, etc. are toxic. are toxic. Group V Elements: Group V elements are those elements that contain 5 electrons in their outermost shell. These elements are not metallic in nature and include elements such as nitrogen,phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. Some everyday uses of some of these items will be discussed below. Nitrogen: The atomic number of nitrogen is 7 and its relative atomic mass is 14.007. And the melting point is −210.0°C. Nitrogen is a very important constituent of macronutrients such as proteins and is therefore essential for the proper functioning of humans and plants. Nitrogen is important for the chemical industry. It is used to make fertilizers, nitric acid, dyes, nylon and explosives. Ammonia, which is one of the most important nitrogen compounds, is produced by the Haber process and around 150 million tonnes of ammonia are produced in this way each year. It is used to preserve food, in the electronics industry and in the annealing of stainless steel and other steel products. Annealing is a heat treatment that makes steel easier to work with. Liquid nitrogen can also work as a refrigerant. Phosphorus: The atomic number of phosphorus is 15 and its atomic weight is 30.97. its melting point is 44.2°C. Phosphorus is an important plant nutrient and is mainly used in the production of fertilizers. Phosphorus is used in the manufacture of safety matches (red phosphorus), pyrotechnics and incendiary shells. Phosphorus is also used in steelmaking and in the production of phosphor bronze. It is also used in LEDs. Group VI Elements: Group VI elements are those elements that have six electrons in the outermost shell. Along with sulfur, selenium, tellurium and polonium, the fundamental element for the existence of life, namely oxygen, is present in group VI. These elements normally exist in the -2 oxidation state and are non-metals, with oxygen being the only gaseous element. Oxygen: The atomic number of oxygen is 8 and its atomic weight is 16. It exists as a gas at room temperature with the molecular structure formula of O2. The most important application of oxygen is that this gas is used for respiration by the vast majority of life forms, including humans, plants, aquatic species, fungi, and microorganisms. It is transported in the blood in the form of oxyhemoglobin and leads to the formation of ATP. Additionally, oxygen is reactive and therefore reacts with a number of compounds to form oxides such as sulfur dioxide, magnesium oxide and aluminum oxide. It also facilitates combustion and its compounds such as KMnO4 can be used as an oxidizing agent in organic reactions. Sulfur: Sulfur is also an important element of the sixth group. Its atomic number is 16 and its atomic weight is 32. It exists in solid form at room temperature. This is very important for two reasons. First, sulfur is a vital microelement. Sulfur is included in many biomolecules, for example proteins, amino acids (cysteine, cystine, methionine, etc.), hormones (insulin), vitamins (B), and a large part of sulfur is contained in hair, bones and nervous tissues. Secondly, sulfur is used in the production of one of the most economically profitable substances, sulfuric acid by Contact process. Sulfuric acid is used in a large number of industries such as paint and textiles.Group VII Elements: Elements in the seventh group of the periodic table are also called halogens and their ions are called halides. Halogens contain seven electrons in their outermost shell and only need one electron to reach a stable configuration. The group contains elements in all three physical states, that is, the.