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  • Essay / Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill - 1753

    All human life is marked by a series of problems and questions that must be faced and answered. Every day we are faced with fundamental choices: eating ice cream or cake, swimming or cycling, playing football or basketball, reading or watching television. Such examples are trivial, but there are much more important ones with more worrying consequences: whether or not to go to college, where to go, choosing a career, a spouse, a house. Yet there are even more serious dilemmas to face, some of which can have eternal consequences: whether to go to war, whether to lie and cheat, whether to take a loved one off the ventilator, etc. Such moral questions carry enormous weight for them. And as human beings, we have no choice but to deal with it daily. This is part of the essence of what it means to be a human being. There is no way out: no matter how hard someone tries to ignore these problems, these choices must be made and their consequences must be faced. Others realized the importance of these questions and spent considerable time and writing to answer them. Since Plato and Aristotle, philosophers have been deeply concerned with these questions. Everyone offered their own take on right and wrong and how to act the right way. Ethics scholars have spent a lot of time thinking about these questions. Two of these philosophers were Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Each of these philosophers expounded and approved the principle of utility. For utilitarians, pleasure and pain are the two driving forces. “Nature has placed humanity under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure” (Bentham 367). For Bentham, the principle of utility was the principle of ethical questions. The principle can be simply stated as follows: to provide the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people. This means that Bentham is an ethical hedonist; the right thing to do is the thing that pleases all interested parties. But Bentham is not that simple, not only is he an ethical hedonist, he is also a psychological egoistic hedonist. We will need to define our terms here. A selfish psychological hedonist believes that the only things we do, or perhaps can, desire as ends are things that give us pleasure..