Table of contentsThe classical school: rational choice and deterrenceThe positivist school: biological and psychological determinismSociological theories: social structures and cultural influencesConclusionCrime, a ubiquitous social phenomenon, has long captivated the minds of academics and thinkers. Its ubiquitous nature and the myriad forms it takes have led to the development of various criminological theories, each attempting to unravel the complexities of criminal behavior. These theories range from biological to psychological to sociological, each offering a unique perspective through which to examine the causes and implications of crime. This essay aims to delve deeper into these varied perspectives, providing an in-depth analysis of major criminological theories. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”?Get the original essayThe Classical School: Rational Choice and DeterrenceThe classical school of criminology, which emerged in the 18th century, posits that individuals possess free referee and engage in criminal activities. behavior through a rational decision-making process. Pioneered by thinkers such as Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham, this theory asserts that crime is the result of calculated choices whose perceived benefits outweigh the risks. Therefore, the emphasis is on deterrence through the establishment of clear, rapid and proportionate sanctions. Beccaria's seminal work, "On Crimes and Punishments," advocates for a predictable and transparent justice system, arguing that there is greater certainty of punishment. effective than its gravity. Bentham's utilitarian approach, summarized in his principle of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number", further supports the idea that legal sanctions should be designed to deter future crimes. The classical school's emphasis on rationality and deterrence continues to influence contemporary criminal justice policies, particularly in the areas of sentencing and law enforcement. The Positivist School: Biological and Psychological Determinism Unlike the classical school, the positivist school of criminology, which emerged in the 19th century, emphasizes determinism rather than free will. This perspective is based on the belief that criminal behavior is the result of internal and external factors beyond the individual's control. Cesare Lombroso, often considered the father of modern criminology, introduced the concept of the "born criminal", suggesting that certain individuals possess innate biological traits that predispose them to criminality. and psychological characteristics, has since been discredited. However, the positivist school's broader emphasis on biological and psychological influences remains relevant. Modern research in genetics, neuroscience, and psychology continues to explore potential links between biological predispositions and criminal behavior. For example, studies of neurotransmitter imbalances, brain abnormalities, and genetic variations have provided insight into the potential biological underpinnings of aggression and impulsivity. Psychological theories, such as those proposed by Sigmund Freud and later by Hans Eysenck, also contribute to the positivist perspective. Freud's psychoanalytic theory suggests that unresolved internal conflicts and unconscious desires can manifest into criminal behavior. Eysenck's personality theory posits that individuals with certain personality traits, such as high levels of extroversion,..