compared the abilities of musicians and non-musicians to "evok musical sensations without external stimuli", that is, to voluntarily evoke and to listening to musical compositions without external auditory stimulus (711). The results of this study showed that 97 musicians out of 100 had spontaneous musical sensations, and that all 100 could evoke and modify them (meaning “modify” to adjust the pitch, tempo, etc.). Out of 132 non-musicians, 39.4% had spontaneous musical sensations, 54.5% were able to evoke them, and 17.4% were able to modify them. In addition, 43.9% did not have spontaneous musical sensations and could not evoke them.